Kitchen Substitutions & Charts

Recommended intake for a 
daily diet of 2000 calories
total fat less than 65 g
saturated fat less than 20 g
cholesterol less than 300mg
sodium less than 2,400mg
total carbohydrate 300g
dietary fiber 25g
 

An emergency is the only excuse for using a 
substitute ingredient - recipe results will vary somewhat.

1/1/2 tsp.cornstarch 1 Tbsp. all-purpose flour
1 cup half -and- half cream 1 Tbsp. melted butter + enough milk to measure 1 cup
1 cup tomato juice 1/2 cup tomato sauce + 1/2 cup water
1 ounce unsweetened chocolate 3 Tbsp. cocoa + 1 Tbsp. fat
1 cup honey 1 1/4 cups sugar + 1/4 cup liquid
1 tsp. baking powder 1/2 tsp. cream of tartar + 1/4 tsp.baking soda
 1 small chopped onion (1/3 cup) 1 tsp. onion powder or 1 Tbsp. dried minced onion
1 cup buttermilk 1 Tbsp. lemon juice or vinegar + enough milk to measure 1 cup (let stand 5 minutes before using)
1 whole egg 2 egg yolks+1 Tbsp. water (cookies)
or 2 egg yolks(custards, similar mixtures)
1 cup whole milk 1/2 cup evaporated milk + 1/2 cup water or 1 cup reconstituted non-fat dry milk + 2 tsp. margarine or butter.
 

Equivalent Measures

3 tsp.            = 1 Tbsp.
4 Tbsp.         = 1/4 cup
5 1/3 Tbsp.    = 1/3 cup
8 Tbsp.          = 1/2 cup
12 Tbsp.        = 3/4 cup
16 Tbsp.        = 1 cup
2 cups           = 1 pint
4 C.(2 pints)   = 1 quart
4 qts. (liquid)  = 1 gallon
 

Food Equivalents

~ Macaroni 1cup (3-1/2oz.)uncooked =  2 1/2 cups cooked
~ Noodles, medium 3 cups (4oz) uncooked =  4 cups cooked
Grains Popcorn 1/3 to 1/2 cup unpopped =  8 cups popped
~ Rice, long grain 1 cup uncooked =  3 cups cooked
~ Rice,quick cooking 1 cup uncooked =  2 cups cooked
  Spaghetti 8 ounces uncooked =  4 cups cooked
~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~
~ Bread 1 slice =  3/4 cup soft crumbs
Crumbs Graham crackers 7 squares =  1/2 finely crushed
~ Buttery round crackers 12 crackers =  1/2 cup finely crushed
~ Saltine crackers 14 crackers =  1/2 finely crushed
~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~
~ Bananas 1 medium =  1/3 cup mashed
~ Lemons 1 medium =  3 Tbsp.juice, 2tsp.grated 
Fruits Limes 1 medium =  2 Tbsp. juice
~ Oranges 1 medium =  1/4 to 1/3 cup juice
~ Apples 1 medium =  1 cup sliced
~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~
~ Cabbage 1 head =  5 cups shredded
Vegetables Carrots 1 pound =  3 cups shredded
~ Celery 1 rib =  1/2 cup chopped
~ Corn 1 ear fresh =  2/3 cup kernels
~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~
~ Almonds 1 pound =  3 cups chopped
Nuts Ground Nuts 3-3/4 ounces =  1 cup
~ Pecan Halfs 1 pound =  4-1/2 cups chopped
~ Walnuts 1 pound =  3-3/4 cups chopped
~ ~ ~ ~
~ cheese 1/4 pound =  1 cup shredded
~ dry beans 1 cup =  2-1/2 cups cooked
~ flour 1 pound sifted =  4 cups
~ ~ ~ ~
Sugar granulated sugar 1 pound =  2-1/4 cups
~ brown sugar 1 pound =  2-1/4 cups firmly packed
~ powdered suagr 1 pound =  3-1/2 cups sifted

 

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Oven temperatures:

Very slow oven..............................................250 to 275 degrees
Slow oven......................................................300 to 325 degrees
Moderate oven..............................................350 to 375 degrees
Hot oven.......................................................400 to 425 degrees
Very hot oven...............................................450 to 475 degrees
Extremely hot oven......................................500 to 525 degrees

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Thermometer readings for meats:

Beef:
rare...................................................................140 degrees
medium..........................................................160 degrees
well-done........................................................170 degrees
Veal or Lamb
rare...................................................................140 degrees
medium..........................................................160 degrees
well-done........................................................180 degrees
Fresh Pork......................................................170 degrees
Smoked Pork
fully cooked....................................................140 degrees
cook-before-eating.........................................160 degrees

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Thermometer readings for candy:

Thread.............................................................230 to 234 degrees
Soft ball...........................................................234 to 240 degrees
Firm ball..........................................................244 to 248 degrees
Hard ball.........................................................250 to 266 degrees
Soft ball...........................................................270 to 290 degrees
Hard ball.........................................................300 to 310 degrees

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Before and After Cooking Measurements

Macaroni........................1 cup dry.............................2 cups cooked
Noodles.........................3 cups dry...........................3 cups cooked
Quick cooking oats.......1 cup dry.............................1 3/4 cups cooked
Rice, long grain..............1 cup dry.............................3 cups cooked
Rice, instant...................1 cup dry.............................2 cups cooked
Spaghetti........................8 oz dry..............................4 cups cooked

Dried beans...................1 cup dry.............................2 1/4 cups cooked

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This page was last updated on Friday, October 13, 2006.

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