Matter occupies space and has mass
states:
Energy
does
not occupy space or have mass
has capacity to do work
potential energy:
stored energy
kinetic energy:
energy that is doing work
forms:
mechanical
chemical
electrical
Composition of matter
elements: different types of matter
atom: smallest unit of an element
atomic number: protons per atom
mass number: protons + neutrons
isotopes: atoms of an element with different numbers
of neutrons
radioisotopes are unstable isotopes
on decay they release either particles or
energy or both
atomic
weight: not the same as atomic mass
Molecule:
two or more atoms held together by a chemical bond
compounds
mixtures
solutions
molarity
Chemical bonds
electrons
ionic bonds
anions
cations
covalent bonds
polar molecules
nonpolar molecules
hydrogen bonds
Chemical reactions
occur
when atoms combine with or separate from other atoms
involve
making or breaking bonds between atoms
types
of reactions
chemical equations
synthesis: two molecules combine to form a larger molecule
decomposition: a large molecule is broken down into smaller molecules
exchange:
combination of synthesis & decomposition
oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions
electron donor is oxidized
electron acceptor is reduced
reversibility
of reactions
inorganic compounds
water
high
heat capacity
high
heat of vaporization
polarity
ionic
compounds
dissociation: ionic compounds separate when placed in
water
ions: atoms or molecules with electrical charges
salt: anion + cation (other than H+)
electrolytes: conduct electrical current through solutions
acids: ionic compounds that release H+ (protons)
bases: ionic compounds that pick up H+ (protons)
pH measures relative
concentration of H+ in solutions
pH = -log10[H+]
pH scale: 0, 7, 14
buffer
organic molecules:
based on rings or chains of carbon
carbon
is electroneutral
carbohydrates
(sugars and starches)
monosaccharides
glucose,
fructose, galactose
disaccharides
sucrose
polysaccharides
starch,
glycogen
lipids
neutral
fats/triglycerides
oils
(unsaturated) vs. fats
phospholipids
steroids
cholesterol, estrogen,
testosterone
eicosanoids
prostaglandins
proteins
amino
acids
tyrosine,
tryptophan, serine, leucine, &c
peptides/polypeptides/proteins
myosin,
trypsin, adrenocorticotropin
fibrous vs. globular proteins
collagen, hemoglobin
enzymes
formation of
enzyme-substrate complex
reduction of activation
energy by internal rearrangements
release of products
cofactors
nucleic
acids
building
blocks: nucleotides
adenine,
thymine (DNA), uracil (RNA),guanine, cytosine
DNA: deoxyribose + nucleotide = nucleoside
RNA: ribose
ATP: adenosine triphosphate
~-bond: adenine-ribose-PO4~PO3~PO3
phosphorylation-dephosphorylation
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[ Anatomy & Physiology 1 syllabus ] [ Page created 01 October 2003 ] [ Questions about this lecture? E-mail me ] |