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| | Corrections:
2004-08-04. Question 55 “vessel A, for volume V A, pressure increase P A”
reworded to read
“vessel A, for volume increase V A, pressure increase P A”.
2004-08-03. Question 9 revised to provide only one best answer.
2004-08-02. Question 5 revised to provide a correct answer.
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| 1. | In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as
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| | a. | the cell’s sensitivity reaction
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| | b. | cellular affinity
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| | c. | up-regulation
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| | d. | a reaction to a stressor
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| 2. | Although we speak of the pituitary releasing factors produced by hypothalamic neurons as hormones, they would better be classified as
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| | a. | paracrines
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| | b. | neurohormones
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| | c. | neurotransmitters
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| 3. | Catecholamines and peptide hormones bind to receptors on the surface of cells that comprise the target organs. This binding causes
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| | a. | an immediate change in genetic activity
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| | b. | the opening of a sodium channel
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| | c. | the activation of a potassium channel
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| | d. | adenylate cyclase to generate cyclic AMP from ATP
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| 4. | During pregnancy, progesterone produced by the placenta has what role to play with respect to estrogen?
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| | a. | permissive
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| | b. | synergistic
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| | c. | antagonistic
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| 5. | Which organ does not have any hormone production?
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| | a. | heart
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| | b. | kidney
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| | c. | liver
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| | d. | esophagus
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| | e. | skin
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| 6. | The lipophobic hormones might use which of the following postreceptor events?
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| | a. | activation of adenylate cyclase
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| | b. | opening of voltage-gated sodium channels in the plasma membrane
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| | c. | modification of the receptor molecule or transfer of the hormone to a different carrier
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| | d. | {a} or {b}
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| 7. | ACTH
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| | a. | is secreted by the posterior pituitary
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| | b. | secretion is regulated by an hypothalamic secretion
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| | c. | causes the release of adrenal medullary hormones
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| | d. | is not a tropic hormone
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| 8. | In what type of muscle does oxytocin cause contraction?
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| | a. | skeletal muscle in the diaphragm
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| | b. | cardiac muscle
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| | c. | uterine smooth muscle and myoepithelial cells in the mammary glands
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| | d. | all of the above
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| 9. | Enzyme action converts pro-opiomelanocortin into
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| | a. | ACTH
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| | b. | beta endorphin
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| | c. | carotene-stimulating hormone
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| | d. | ADH
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| | e. | {a} and {b}
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| 10. | Which of these hormones is not produced by the adrenal cortex?
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| | a. | aldosterone
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| | b. | DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone)
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| | c. | epinephrine
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| | d. | cortisol
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| 11. | The major targets of growth hormone are the
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| | a. | blood vessels
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| | b. | adrenal glands
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| | c. | liver
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| | d. | bones and skeletal muscles
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| 12. | Which of these hormones would be synthesized in smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
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| | a. | insulin
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| | b. | DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone)
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| | c. | growth hormone
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| | d. | oxytocin
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| 13. | Insulin, a small, 51-amino-acid protein, is synthesized by the beta cells of the pancreas. This hormone is released
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| | a. | in excessive amounts in obese individuals
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| | b. | in response to several physical stress
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| | c. | when blood glucose levels rise
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| | d. | when blood glucose levels fall
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| 14. | Hormone levels are regulated by changes in secretion rate. This may come about because of
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| | a. | positive feedback
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| | b. | neuromuscular reflexes
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| | c. | circadian rhythms
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| | d. | any of the above
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| 15. | ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
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| | a. | increases urine output
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| | b. | promotes dehydration
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| | c. | is produced by the adenohypophysis
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| | d. | is inhibited by alcohol
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| 16. | The precursor molecule for all steroid hormones is
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| | a. | DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone)
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| | b. | testosterone
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| | c. | cholesterol
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| 17. | Sometimes prolonged exposure to high hormone concentrations causes a phenomenon known as
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| | a. | diabetes mellitus
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| | b. | cellular inhibition
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| | c. | receptor down-regulation
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| | d. | protein kinase catabolism
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| 18. | The release of histamine by a mast cell to effect vasodilatation in the nearby tissue is an example of the release of a
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| | a. | neurohormone
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| | b. | neurotransmitter
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| | c. | paracrine
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| | d. | hormone
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| 19. | Which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus?
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| | a. | enzymatic
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| | b. | humoral
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| | c. | neural
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| | d. | hormonal
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| 20. | Erythropoietin is produced by what organ?
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| | a. | liver
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| | b. | islets of Langerhans
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| | c. | kidney
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| 21. | Which of the following is characteristic of antibodies?
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| | a. | they are carbohydrates
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| | b. | they are composed of heavy and light polypeptide chains
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| | c. | they have three binding sites per antibody monomer
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| | d. | they cannot be transferred from one person to another
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| 22. | Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens (also called human leukocyte associated, or HLA, antigens) are unique to each person’s body cells. These self-antigens aid in the detection of foreign invaders. MHC class II antigens are found on
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| | a. | red blood cells only
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| | b. | all nucleated cells
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| | c. | B-lymphocytes and some T-lymphocytes
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| | d. | antigen-presenting cells
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| | e. | {c} and {d}
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| 23. | Which statement is true about T cells?
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| | a. | They usually directly recognize antigens, which then activates a subpopulation of killer cells.
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| | b. | Their proliferation is enhanced by interleukins 1 and 2.
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| | c. | Once activated, they cannot secrete cytokines.
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| | d. | They will develop into cytotoxic T cells if antigen is complexed with class II MHC proteins.
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| 24. | The antigenic determinant of a foreign substance is the
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| | a. | epitope
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| | b. | antibody
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| | c. | complement factor
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| | d. | perforin
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| 25. | Antibody functions include all of the following except
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| | a. | binding and inactivating chemical toxins released by bacteria or other microorganisms
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| | b. | cross-linking cell-bound antigens on red blood cells when blood cell types are properly matched
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| | c. | linking soluble antigens together so that they precipitate
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| | d. | targeting foreign cells so that complement proteins can cause cytolysis
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| 26. | The anaphylactic reaction is a(n) __________ allergic reaction.
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| | a. | immediate hypersensitivity
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| | b. | delayed hypersensitivity
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| | c. | prolonged
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| 27. | Which of the following is true about the number of binding sites per functional antibody unit?
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| | a. | IgD has four binding sites.
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| | b. | IgA has six binding sites.
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| | c. | IgG has six binding sites.
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| | d. | IgM has ten binding sites.
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| 29. | Which of the following is a localized, nonspecific response to infection?
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| | a. | allergy
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| | b. | humoral immunity
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| | c. | autoimmunity
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| | d. | inflammation
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| 29. | Select the correct statement about complement.
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| | a. | A specific immune mechanism is often involved in directing complement to its target.
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| | b. | Complement can be activated through three pathways: classical, secondary, and alternate.
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| | c. | The membrane attack complex (MAC) consists of complement proteins C3a through C5.
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| | d. | Complement proteins C1 through C9 are exclusively in the classical pathway.
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| 30. | T lymphocytes develop in the bone marrow and attain immunologic competency in the
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| | a. | spleen
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| | b. | liver
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| | c. | lymph nodes
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| | d. | thymus
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| 31. | Which of the following is not a mechanism for the development of autoimmune disease?
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| | a. | exposure of previously “hidden” self-antigens to the adaptive immune system
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| | b. | a second exposure to an allergen
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| | c. | mutation followed by the appearance of membrane proteins not previously present
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| | d. | cross-reaction of antibodies formed against foreign antigens with self-antigens
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| 32. | This is the predominant Ig class in body secretions; hence it is called the “secretory antibody.”
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| | a. | IgA
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| | b. | IgD
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| | c. | IgE
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| | d. | IgG
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| | e. | IgM
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| 33. | Which type of antibodies can cross the placenta and confer passive immunity on the fetus/neonate?
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| | a. | IgA
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| | b. | IgE
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| | c. | IgG
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| | d. | IgM
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| 34. | Occurring as a pentamer, this is the first antibody to be produced.
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| | a. | IgA
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| | b. | IgD
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| | c. | IgE
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| | d. | IgG
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| | e. | IgM
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| 35. | Which type of antibodies are involved in allergic reactions?
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| | a. | IgA
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| | b. | IgE
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| | c. | IgG
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| | d. | IgM
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| 36. | Select the correct statement about antigens.
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| | a. | “Self-antigens” is another term for incomplete antigens.
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| | b. | The largest type of antigen is called a hapten.
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| | c. | Only very small antigens exhibit reactivity.
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| | d. | One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may thus cause the formation of more than one antibody.
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| 37. | The formation of antigen-antibody complexes might trigger the complement cascade at C1. This is called the
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| | a. | classical pathway
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| | b. | alternative pathway
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| | c. | C3-convertase inhibitor pathway
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| 38. | The primary immune response
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| | a. | occurs more rapidly and is stronger than the secondary response
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| | b. | occurs when memory cells are stimulated
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| | c. | is another term for immunological memory
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| | d. | has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells
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| 39. | When a macrophage presents antigen to a lymphocyte, it does so in context of __________.
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| | a. | interleukin-1
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| | b. | MHC
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| | c. | PHA
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| | d. | mitogen
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| | e. | GALT
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| 40. | Select the correct statement about the role of the nervous system in regulating the immune response.
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| | a. | Many immune cells have receptors for neurotransmitters.
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| | b. | The ability of one’s state of mind to influence immune function is now accepted as proven by the medical community.
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| | c. | There is no evidence that the nervous system can influence the immune system.
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| | d. | {a} and {b}
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| 41. | Polio vaccine confers __________ on the subject.
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| | a. | passive immunity
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| | b. | active immunity
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| | c. | natural immunity
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| | d. | monoclonal antibodies
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| 42. | C3b molecules coat a microorganism and roughen its surface, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytose it. The phenomenon is called
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| | a. | diapedesis
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| | b. | agglutination
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| | c. | opsonization
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| | d. | chemotaxis
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| 43. | __________ T-cells destroy cells infected with virus.
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| | a. | Angry
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| | b. | Helper
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| | c. | Suppressor
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| | d. | Regulatory
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| | e. | Cytotoxic
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| 44. | Grafts between identical twins are
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| | a. | autografts
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| | b. | allografts
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| | c. | isografts
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| | d. | xenografts
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| 45. | Plasma cells are derived from
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| | a. | NK cells
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| | b. | monocytes
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| | c. | B-lymphocytes
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| | d. | lymphokines
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| 46. | Small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances are called
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| | a. | haptens
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| | b. | antibodies
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| | c. | allergens
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| | d. | reagins
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| 47. | Although we mostly associate eosinophil function with allergic reactions, the cell was originally evolved to deal, most effectively, with
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| | a. | antigen-antibody complexes
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| | b. | helminth infections
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| | c. | pyrogens
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| 48. | The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by
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| | a. | vasodilatation
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| | b. | vasoconstriction
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| | c. | mobilization of phagocytes
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| | d. | production of complement and interferon
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| 49. | Blood flow is
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| | a. | inversely proportional to the pressure difference between the two ends of the vessel
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| | b. | inversely proportional to the resistance offered by the vessel
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| | c. | equal to the viscosity of the blood
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| 50. | Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events?
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| | a. | excitation of the SA node
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| | b. | closure of the heart valves
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| | c. | friction of blood against the chamber walls
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| | d. | contraction of the ventricular myocardium
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| 51. | Dilatation of these increases blood flow to a localized tissue bed.
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| | a. | arteries.
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| | b. | arterioles.
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| | c. | capillaries.
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| | d. | veins.
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| | e. | lymphatics.
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| 52. | Damage to the __________ is referred to as heart block.
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| | a. | SA node
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| | b. | AV valves
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| | c. | AV bundle
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| | d. | AV node
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| 53. | If total peripheral resistance __________, the flow rate through the systemic vessels __________.
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| | a. | increases/increases
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| | b. | increases/decreases
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| | c. | decreases/increases
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| | d. | decreases/decreases
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| | e. | {b} and {c}
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| 54. | When the heart is beating at a rate of 75 times per minute, the duration of one cardiac cycle is __________ second(s).
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| | a. | 0.8
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| | b. | 1.0
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| | c. | 1.2
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| | d. | 1.8
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| 55. | Vascular compliance = (increase in volume)/(increase in pressure). Now consider two vessels: vessel A, for volume increase V A, pressure increase P A, has a compliance of 1. In vessel B, a pressure increase = 2 x PA results in a the same volume increase, VA. Is vessel B
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| | a. | more compliant than A
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| | b. | less compliant than A
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| | c. | the same compliance as A
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| 56. | Select the correct statement about myocardial cell function.
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| | a. | The all-or-none law as applied to cardiac muscle means that the entire heart contracts as a unit (functional syncytium) or does not contract at all.
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| | b. | Cardiac muscle fibers are each innervated by a sympathetic nerve ending so that the nervous system can increase the heart rate.
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| | c. | The refractory period in cardiac muscle is much shorter than that in skeletal muscle.
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| | d. | The influx of potassium ions from the transverse tubule lumen into the sarcoplasm is the initiating event in cardiac muscle contraction.
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| 57. | The AV valves and semilunar valves are both open during
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| | a. | ventricular filling
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| | b. | ventricular ejection
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| | c. | isovolumic ventricular contraction
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| | d. | isovolumic ventricular relaxation
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| | e. | none of the above
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| 58. | If you were able to alter the membrane permeability of pacemaker cells so that sodium influx would be more rapid,
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| | a. | heart rate would decrease
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| | b. | calcium channels in the pacemaker cells would be cycling at a greater rate
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| | c. | blood pressure would rise due to increased plasma sodium
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| | d. | tetanic contraction would occur due to the short absolute refractory period of cardiac muscle
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| 59. | In most beds, increased CO2 levels within the tissue bed would result in
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| | a. | no vascular changes
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| | b. | vasoconstriction
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| | c. | vasodilatation
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| 60. | Valves are not found in
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| | a. | lymphatic vessels
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| | b. | arteries
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| | c. | veins
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| | d. | arteries or veins
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| 61. | The period of the cardiac cycle during which the ventricles are contracting is called ventricular
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| | a. | diastole
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| | b. | ejection
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| | c. | systole
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| 62. | Isovolumic (isovolumetric) contraction
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| | a. | refers to the short period during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed chambers
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| | b. | occurs when the AV valves open
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| | c. | occurs immediately after the semilunar valves close
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| | d. | is indicative of valvular heart disease
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| 63. | Which event marks the beginning of ventricular filling?
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| | a. | P wave
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| | b. | T wave
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| | c. | closure of the semilunar valve
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| | d. | opening of the AV valves
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| | e. | opening of the semilunar valve
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| 64. | Most arterioles do not have parasympathetic innervation. Vessels in which of these structures dilate in response to parasympathetic stimulation?
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| | a. | liver
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| | b. | brain
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| | c. | heart
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| | d. | clitoris
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| 65. | Which statement best describes arteries?
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| | a. | All carry oxygenated blood.
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| | b. | All carry blood away from the heart.
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| | c. | All contain valves to prevent blood from retrograde flow.
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| | d. | Only the largest have endothelial linings.
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| 66. | The second heart sound is associated with closure of the __________ and occurs during __________
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| | a. | AV valves/atrial systole
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| | b. | AV valves/ventricular systole
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| | c. | semilunar valves/atrial systole
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| | d. | semilunar valves/ventricular repolarization
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| 67. | The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle with each beat is known as the
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| | a. | stroke volume
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| | b. | heart rate
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| | c. | ventricular ejection fraction
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| | d. | cardiac output
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| 68. | The influence of blood vessel diameter on peripheral resistance is
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| | a. | the only factor that affects resistance
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| | b. | very large because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius
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| | c. | negligible unless vessel diameter is very large (>2.0 cm)
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| | d. | very small because vessel diameter is invariant
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| 69. | A 30-year old female with a blood pressure of 120/80, a heart rate of 70, and a stroke volume of 70 ml would have a cardiac output of
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| | a. | 6000 ml
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| | b. | 4200 ml
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| | c. | 4900 ml
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| | d. | 70 ml
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| 70. | An increase in the heart rate, while the cardiac output remains constant, would
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| | a. | increase the stroke volume output.
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| | b. | decrease the stroke volume output.
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| | c. | have no effect on stroke volume output.
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| 71. | In the dynamics of blood flow through the capillaries, capillary hydrostatic pressure
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| | a. | does not play a role
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| | b. | is the blood pressure
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| | c. | generally forces fluid from the interstitial space into the capillary
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| | d. | is completely canceled out by the blood osmotic pressure
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| 72. | If a person has a blood pressure of 120/80, then the pulse pressure would be
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| | a. | 40 mmHg.
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| | b. | 45 mmHg.
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| | c. | 125 mmHg.
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| | d. | 80 mmHg.
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| 73. | Modified capillaries that are lined with phagocytes are called
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| | a. | sinuses
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| | b. | sinusoids
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| | c. | thoroughfare channels
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| | d. | anastomoses
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| 74. | Elephantiasis is caused by
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| | a. | reactive hyperemia
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| | b. | the filarial parasitic worm
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| | c. | protein deficiency
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| 75. | Which of these factors would increase the end-diastolic volume?
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| | a. | increased force of ventricular contraction
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| | b. | increased pulmonary resistance
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| | c. | decreased peripheral [systemic] resistance
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| | d. | AV-nodal block
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| 76. | Select the correct statement about blood flow.
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| | a. | Blood flow is constant in all body organs.
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| | b. | Blood flow is measured in the units mm Hg.
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| | c. | Blood flow is greatest where the resistance is the highest.
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| | d. | Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to the cardiac output.
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| 77. | Which vessels are the major sites of resistance in the vascular system?
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| | a. | arteries
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| | b. | arterioles
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| | c. | capillaries
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| | d. | veins
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| 78. | Which of the following factors would increase arterial pressure (assuming all other factors remained unchanged)?
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| | a. | decreased stroke volume
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| | b. | vasodilatation
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| | c. | decreased heart rate
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| | d. | increased total peripheral resistance
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| | e. | anemia
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| 79. | The driving force for blood flow through a capillary bed is
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| | a. | an increased plasma oncotic pressure
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| | b. | gravity
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| | c. | precapillary arteriolar constriction
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| | d. | a pressure difference between the proximal and distal ends of the capillary
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| 80. | Aldosterone will
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| | a. | promote an increase in blood pressure
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| | b. | promote a decrease in blood volume
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| | c. | result in a larger urinary output
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| | d. | decrease sodium reabsorption
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| 81. | Let us assume that we have two blood vessels, A and B. The diameter of vessel A is 10 µm, that of B 30 µm. If the pressure drop across the two vessels is the same, what is the flow in B if the flow in A is 5 µl/sec?
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| | a. | 5 µl/sec
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| | b. | 15 µl/sec
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| | c. | 45 µl/sec
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| | d. | 405 µl/sec
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| 82. | Peripheral resistance
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| | a. | decreases with increasing length of a blood vessel
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| | b. | increases as blood vessel diameter increases
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| | c. | increases as blood viscosity increases
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| | d. | is never a major factor in blood pressure in healthy individuals
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| 83. | These are the blood reservoirs; more than half the blood is found in them.
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| | a. | arteries
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| | b. | arterioles
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| | c. | capillaries
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| | d. | veins
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| | e. | lymphatics
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| 84. | Fenestrated capillaries are
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| | a. | not more permeable than continuous capillaries
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| | b. | least common in endocrine organs and where capillary absorption is important
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| | c. | absent from glomerular capillaries in the kidney
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| | d. | not found in the brain
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| | The following statements are true/false:
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| 85. | The antagonistic hormones that regulate blood calcium levels are calcitonin and parathormone.
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| 86. | Insulin elevates blood glucose concentrations.
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| 87. | The thyroid gland is embedded as small nodules in the mass of the parathyroid.
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| 88. | Many hormones synthesized by enteroendocrine cells are chemically identical to brain neurotransmitters.
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| 89. | All adenohypophyseal hormones affect their target cells via a cAMP second-messenger system.
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| 90. | Hormonal systems employing direct gene activation involve using a second-messenger system.
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| 91. | Diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus are both caused by a genetic mutation involving the synthesis of insulin.
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| 92. | Iodine in an essential element required for the synthesis of thyroxine.
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| 93. | Antibodies and complement fixation mediate delayed hypersensitivity reactions.
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| 94. | Immune responses are sometimes not beneficial to the body
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| 95. | Some immunocompetent cells will never be called to duty during our lifetime.
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| 96. | A graft from a monkey to a human is an allograft.
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| 97. | The soluble proteins secreted by plasma cells are called antibodies.
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| 98. | Autoimmune diseases are more common in men than women.
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| 99. | The B lymphocyte population is capable of producing antibodies against at least 106 different antigens.
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| 100. | Perforins are cytolytic molecules used by NK cells.
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| 101. | Autoregulation is the adjustment of blood flow to each tissue in proportion to its requirements at any point in time.
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| 102. | All the blood in each ventricle is ejected during systole.
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| 103. | Osmotic pressure is the force exerted by a fluid pressing against a wall.
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| 104. | Vasodilatation is the widening of the vessel lumen due to smooth muscle contraction.
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| 105. | When blood flows from very small diameter vessels into larger diameter vessels, the resistance decreases.
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| 106. | Reflexes that regulate blood pressure are integrated at the brain stem level.
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| 107. | An increase in blood viscosity will cause an increase in peripheral resistance.
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| 108. | The cardiac index normalizes an individual\rquotes cardiac output to body surface area to allow for a better comparison of cardiac function. If this were not done, then a morbidly obese individual with a cardiac output of 4.2 l/min would appear healthier than a thin person with a cardiac output of 4.0 l/min.
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