bio4161

1. The aortic semilunar valve is closed when

a. ventricular pressure exceeds aortic pressure

b. ventricular pressure exceeds atrial pressure

c. aortic pressure exceeds ventricular pressure

d. atrial pressure exceeds ventricular pressure

2. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens (also called human leukocyte associated, or HLA, antigens) are unique to each person’s body cells. These self-antigens aid in the detection of foreign invaders. MHC class II antigens are found on

a. red blood cells only

b. all nucleated cells

c. B-lymphocytes and some T-lymphocytes

d. antigen-presenting cells

e. {c} and {d}

3. The period of the cardiac cycle during which the ventricles are relaxed is called ventricular

a. diastole

b. ejection

c. systole

4. The AV valves and semilunar valves must both close during

a. ventricular filling

b. ventricular ejection

c. isovolumic ventricular contraction

d. isovolumic ventricular relaxation

e. {c} and {d}

5. Which event marks the beginning of ventricular filling?

a. T wave

b. opening of the AV valves

c. closure of the semilunar valve

d. P wave

e. opening of the semilunar valve

6. The first heart sound is associated with closure of the .......... and occurs during ..........

a. AV valves/atrial systole

b. AV valves/ventricular systole

c. semilunar valves/atrial systole

d. semilunar valves/ventricular repolarization

7. The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle each minute is known as the

a. stroke volume

b. heart rate

c. ventricular ejection fraction

d. cardiac output

8. A 30-year old female with a blood pressure of 100/70, a heart rate of 60, and a stroke volume of 70 mL would have a cardiac output of

a. 6000 mL

b. 4200 mL

c. 4900 mL

d. 70 mL

9. An increase in the heart rate, while the cardiac output remains constant, would

a. decrease the stroke volume output.

b. increase the stroke volume output.

c. have no effect on stroke volume output.

10. If a person has a blood pressure of 125/80, then the pulse pressure would be

a. 40 mmHg.

b. 45 mmHg.

c. 125 mmHg.

d. 80 mmHg.

11. Which of these factors would increase the end-diastolic volume?

a. increased force of ventricular contraction

b. increased pulmonary resistance

c. decreased peripheral [systemic] resistance

d. AV-nodal block

12. The anaphylactic reaction is a(n) .......... allergic reaction.

a. delayed hypersensitivity

b. immediate hypersensitivity

c. prolonged

13. Polio vaccine confers .......... on the subject.

a. passive immunity

b. active immunity

c. natural immunity

d. monoclonal antibodies

14. Which of the following is a localized, nonspecific response to infection?

a. allergy

b. humoral immunity

c. autoimmunity

d. inflammation

15. T lymphocytes develop in the bone marrow and attain immunologic competency in the

a. spleen

b. liver

c. thymus

d. lymph nodes

16. Which type of antibodies are involved in allergic reactions?

a. IgA

b. IgE

c. IgM

d. IgG

17. The formation of antigen-antibody complexes might trigger the complement cascade at C1. This is called the

a. classical pathway

b. alternative pathway

c. C3-convertase inhibitor pathway

18. Which type of antibodies can cross the placenta and confer passive immunity on the fetus/neonate?

a. IgA

b. IgE

c. IgM

d. IgG

19. Immune responses are always beneficial to the body

Answer {a} if true, {b} if false.

20. When a macrophage presents antigen to a lymphocyte, it does so in context of ...........

a. interleukin-1

b. MHC

c. PHA

d. mitogen

e. GALT

21. .......... T-cells destroy cells infected with virus.

a. Cytotoxic

b. Helper

c. Suppressor

d. Regulatory

e. Angry

22. The antigenic determinant of a foreign substance is the

a. epitope

b. antibody

c. complement factor

d. perforin

23. Plasma cells are derived from

a. NK cells

b. monocytes

c. B-lymphocytes

d. lymphokines

24. If total peripheral resistance .........., the flow rate through the systemic vessels ..........

a. increases/increases

b. increases/decreases

c. decreases/increases

d. decreases/decreases

e. {b} and {c}

25. Which vessels are the major site of resistance in the vascular system?

a. capillaries

b. arteries

c. arterioles

d. veins

26. Which of the following factors would increase arterial pressure (assuming all other factors remained unchanged)?

a. decreased stroke volume

b. vasodilatation

c. decreased heart rate

d. increased total peripheral resistance

e. anemia

27. The driving force for blood flow through a capillary bed is

a. an increased plasma oncotic pressure

b. a pressure difference between the proximal and distal ends of the capillary

c. precapillary arteriolar constriction

d. gravity

28. Let us assume that we have two blood vessels, A and B. The diameter of vessel A is 12.5 µm, that of B 25 µm. If the pressure drop across the two vessels is the same, what is the flow in B if the flow in A is 4 µl/sec?

a. 8 µl/sec

b. 16 µl/sec

c. 64 µl/sec

d. 256 µl/sec

29. All the blood in each ventricle is ejected during systole.

Answer {a} if true, {b} if false.

30. The B lymphocyte population is capable of producing antibodies against only about 10³ different antigens.

Answer {a} if true, {b} if false.

31. When blood flows from very small diameter vessels into larger diameter vessels, the resistance increases.

Answer {a} if true, {b} if false.

There are five different immunoglobulin types:

a. IgA.

b. IgG.

c. IgM.

d. IgD.

e. IgE.

Associate the correct immunoglobulin with the descriptions in Questions 32–34.

32. This is the predominant Ig class in body secretions; hence it is called the “secretory antibody.”

33. The function of this antibody is really not well understood, but appears to have something to do with B cell maturation.

34. Occurring as a pentamer, this is the first antibody to be produced.

35. Although we mostly associate eosinophil function with allergic reactions, the cell was originally evolved to deal, most effectively, with

a. antigen-antibody complexes

b. helminth infections

c. pyrogens

36. The aortic semilunar valve is opened when

a. ventricular pressure exceeds aortic pressure

b. ventricular pressure exceeds atrial pressure

c. aortic pressure exceeds ventricular pressure

37. Blood flow is

a. inversely proportional to the pressure difference between the two ends of the vessel

b. inversely proportional to the resistance offered by the vessel

c. equal to the viscosity of the blood

Here are the various vessel types:

a. arteries.

b. arterioles.

c. capillaries.

d. veins.

e. lymphatics.

Associate the correct vessel type with the functions described in Questions 38–41.

38. These are the blood reservoirs; more than half the blood is found in them.

39. Here is where exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid occurs.

40. Dilatation of these increases blood flow to a localized tissue bed.

41. These return excess interstitial fluid to the blood.

42. Vascular compliance = (increase in volume)/(increase in pressure). Now consider two vessels: vessel A, for volume V_A, pressure increase P_A, has a compliance of 1. In vessel B, a pressure increase = 2 × P_A results in a the same volume increase, V_A. Is vessel B

a. more compliant than A

b. less compliant than A

c. the same compliance as A

These are the waves seen in an ECG:

a. P.

b. QRS.

c. T.

Associate the correct wave with the events described in Questions 43–45.

43. Ventricles relax.

44. Atria contract.

45. Ventricles contract.

46. The cardiac index normalizes an individual’s cardiac output to body surface area to allow for a better comparison of cardiac function. If this were not done, then a morbidly obese individual with a cardiac output of 4.2 l/min would appear healthier than a thin person with a cardiac output of 4.0 l/min.

Answer {a} if true, {b} if false.

47. Arterioles, with a couple of exceptions, do not have parasympathetic innervation. Vessels in which of these structures dilate in response to parasympathetic stimulation?

a. liver

b. brain

c. heart

d. clitoris

48. In most beds, increased CO₂ levels within the tissue bed would result in

a. vasoconstriction

b. vasodilatation

c. no vascular changes

49. Elephantiasis is caused by

a. reactive hyperemia

b. the filarial parasitic worm

c. protein deficiency

50. Valves are not found in

a. lymphatic vessels

b. arteries

c. veins

d. arteries or veins