general concepts
humoral immunity
plasma cells
cell-mediated immunity
activated T lymphocytes
internship and residency of lymphocytes
antigens and immune triggering
haptens
B lymphocytes and antibody-mediated immunity
antigen binding
plasma cell differentiation
immunoglobulins
structure
antigen-binding fragment (Fab)
constant (Fc) region
classes
IgG
Fc region binds with phagocytic cells
IgM
IgA
IgE
Fc regions binds with mast cells and basophils
IgD
modes of action
interfering with antigen effect
neutralization
agglutination
precipitation
augmenting nonspecific immune effects
activation of complement system through C1
enhancement of phagocytosis
opsonization
stimulation of killer (K) cells
immune-complex disease
clonal selection theory of B-cell production
plasma cells
memory cells
primary response
secondary response
natural immunity as a special case of actively acquired immunity
ABO blood groups as example
transfusion reaction
Rh factor
erythroblastosis fetalis or hemolytic disease of the newborn
antigen processing and presentation
APCs
MHC molecules
compartment for peptide loading (CPL) organelle
interleukin 1 and B-cell proliferation
TH cells and B-cell growth factor
T lymphocytes and cell-mediated immunity
basics
viral and fungal infections
tumors and xenograft rejection
regulatory roles
lymphokine production
activated only when antigen presented in context of self 1
T cell types
cytotoxic T cells (CD8+ or TC cells)
viruses
perforin molecules
helper T cells (CD4+ or TH cells) 2
B-cell growth factor
T-cell growth factor (interleukin 2 [IL-2])
chemotaxins
macrophage-migration inhibition factor
“angry” macrophages
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
helper T cell subsets
helper T cell naïveté
T helper 1 (TH1) cells
interleukin 12 (IL-12)
stimulation of eosinophil antihelminthic activity
promotion of cell-mediated response
T helper 2 (TH2) cells
interleukin 4 (IL-4)
promotion of humoral response by B cells
suppressor T cells (TS cells)
immunologic tolerance
mechanisms
clonal deletion
clonal anergy
antigen and B7 presentation
inhibition by TS cells
antigen sequestration
granting of immune privilege
autoimmune diseases
human leukocyte-associated (HLA) antigens
major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
100 genes, 4 antigens
immune surveillance
benign tumors
malignant tumors
metastasis
role of TC cells, NK cells, macrophages and interferon
immune neuroendocrinology and neuroendocrine immunology
interleukin 1 promotes cortisol release
neuroendocrine receptors on lymphocytes
immunodeficiency
congenital
acquired
severe combined immunodeficiency
inappropriate immune attacks
| Disease | Affected organ(s) |
|---|---|
| juvenile-onset diabetes | pancreatic beta cells |
| rheumatoid arthritis | joints |
| ankylosing spondylitis | spine |
| multiple sclerosis | myelin in the central nervous system |
| thyrotoxicosis | thyroglobulin |
| rheumatic fever | heart valves |
| myasthenia gravis | acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction |
| ulcerative colitis | intestine |
| male infertility (some) | spermatozoa |
| systemic lupus erythematosis | most organs |
| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | motor neurons in the spinal cord |
immune-complex diseases
allergies
allergen and hypersensitivity
immediate hypersensitivity
IgE molecules attach to mast cells/basophils
chemicals released
histamine
slow-reactive substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A)
eosinophil chemotactic factor
hayfever vs. asthma
anaphylactic shock
delayed hypersensitivity
T-cell mediated
poison ivy
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