formation of the neural tube: neural groove and neural folds
cranial expansions [vesicles]
prosencephalon [forebrain]
mesencephalon [midbrain]
rhombencephalon [hindbrain]
flexures
cephalic
pontine
cervical
ventricles
development of the vesicles
forebrain
olfactory bulbs [rhinencephalon]
cerebral hemispheres [telencephalon]
optic vesicles
diencephalon
pineal body
infundibulum
mesencephalon
tectum [forms optic lobes in lower vertebrates]
corpora quadrigemina
hindbrain
cerebellum
pons
medulla oblongata
[metencephalon + myelencephalon]
formation of the cranial vault bones
frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
sphenoid
ethmoid
dura mater
epidural space
periosteal dura
meningeal dura
subdural space
arachnoid
subarachnoid space
Cranial meninges, showing dura and arachnoid
pia
Cranial meninges, showing arachnoid and pia
medulla oblongata
fourth ventricle
inferior velum forms its roof
ascending and descending tracts
inferior cerebellar peduncles (restiform bodies)
decussation of the pyramids
respiratory, vasomotor, cardiac centers
nuclei for cranial nn IX–XII
olivary nuclei [relay centers between cerebral cortex/basal nuclei and cerebellum]
reticular formation
pons
floor of the fourth ventricle
pontine nuclei
middle cerebellar peduncles
nuclei for cranial nn V–VIII
reticular formation
corticospinal, corticobulbar, and corticopontine tracts
midbrain [mesencephalon]
cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of Sylvius)
cerebral peduncles
nuclei for cranial nn III–IV and anterior part of V
red nucleus and rubrospinal tract
superior cerebellar peduncle
corpora quadrigemina
superior colliculi [visual, auditory, tactile reflex centers]
inferior colliculi [auditory reflex centers]
anatomy
peduncles
superior (brachia conjunctiva)... midbrain
middle (brachia pontis)... pons
inferior (restiform body)... medulla oblongata
cerebellar hemispheres
vermis
cerebellar cortex
folia cerebelli
fissures
arbor vitae
layers
outer molecular layer [input]
Purkinje cell layer [output]
to deep cerebellar and lateral vestibular nuclei
inner granular layer [input]
functional considerations
functions quickly with no storage
coordination of somatic motor activity
regulation of muscle tone
maintenance of equilibrium
lesions
do not result in paralysis
ipsilateral representation
diencephalon
rostral limit is the interventricular foramina (foramina of Monro)
third ventricle
lateral walls are the thalami
intermediate mass [variable, ~60%]
roof is the epithalamus
floor is the hypothalamus
thalamus
major sensory center
crude, uncritical consciousness [the reptilian brain]
lateral geniculate, medial geniculate, and ventral posterior nuclei
important relay stations in the visual, auditory, and
somatosensory systems, respectively
epithalamus
choroid plexus and the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CFS)
pineal body
posterior commissure where it joins midbrain
hypothalamus
optic chiasm
infundibulum
from tuber cinereum
mammillary bodies
functions
regulation of body temperature, metabolism, sleep, emotions, sexual drive
integrated with endocrine system
topology
longitudinal fissure
corpus callosum
surfaces: dorsolateral, inferior, medial
poles: frontal, occipital, temporal
lobes
frontal
parietal
gyri
sulci
lateral sulcus (Sylvian fissure)
insula
temporal lobe
primary auditory center: Brodmann area 41
8,
9
secondary centers: Brodmann areas 42, 22
frontal lobe
speech center: Brodmann area 44
central sulcus (fissure of Rolando)
frontal lobe
precentral gyrus
primary motor cortex: Brodmann area 4
parietal lobe
postcentral gyrus
somatesthetic cortex: Brodmann areas 1–3
calcarine sulcus
visual area: Brodmann area 17
parietooccipital sulcus
parietal lobe
occipital lobe
sulcus cinguli parallels corpus callosum
gyrus cinguli: smell association
collateral sulcus inferiorly
hippocampal gyrus lies medial
uncus: smell & taste appreciation
association areas
white matter
association tracts
short association fibers
long association fibers
commissural tracts
corpus callosum
anterior and posterior commissural tracts
projection tracts
ascending [afferent] mostly from thalamus
descending [efferent]
corona radiata
basal nuclei ( basal ganglia ) 10
The slightly strange site of the Lieberman Parkinson Clinic
striatum
putamen, caudate nucleus, nucleus accumbens
claustrum, amygdaloid nucleus, substantia nigra, &
globus pallidus [putamen + globus pallidus=lentiform nucleus]
subthalamic nuclei
internal capsule [between caudate and lentiform nuclei]
external capsule [outside of lentiform nucleus]
claustrum [lies lateral to external capsule]
conditions linked with basal-nuclei dysfunction:
Parkinsonism
Huntington’s chorea
Tourette syndrome
athetosis
obsessive-compulsive disorder
conditioned reflexes
Pavlovian conditioning
milk let-down
fourth ventricle
choroid plexus
capillaries are part of pia, but covered with ependymal cells
production of CSF
median aperture (foramen of Magendie)
lateral aperture (foramina of Luschka)
hydrocephalus
cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of Sylvius)
lies within mesencephalon
third ventricle
choroid plexus
interventricular foramina (foramina of Monro)
lateral ventricles
septum pellucidum
central portion
choroid plexus
anterior, posterior, and inferior horns
arachnoid villi of the superior sagittal sinus
dura mater
periosteal dura
meningeal dura
falx cerebri
superior and inferior sagittal sinuses
tentorium cerebelli
transverse and superior petrosal sinuses
straight sinus
falx cerebelli
occipital sinus
diaphragma sellae
arachnoid
subdural space
subarachnoid space
arachnoid trabeculae
over the gyri, pia + arachnoid=leptomeninx
cisterns
arachnoid villi
pia mater
common carotid a
external carotid a
internal carotid a
enters carotid canal
posterior communicating a
ophthalmic a
anterior cerebral a
middle cerebral a
subclavian a
internal thoracic a
thyrocervical trunk
costocervical trunk
vertebral a
through transverse processes of superior six cervical vertebrae
spinal branches
anterior spinal a
cerebellar branches
posterior inferior cerebellar a
anterior inferior cerebellar a
forms basilar a
posterior cerebral aa
circle of Willis (circulus arteriosus cerebri)
R posterior cerebral a -> R posterior communicating a ->
R internal carotid a -> R anterior cerebral a ->
anterior communicating a -> L anterior cerebral a ->
L internal carotid a -> L posterior communicating a ->
L posterior cerebral a -> basilar a bifurcation ->
R posterior cerebral a ->...
 ex DAVID, an Online Atlas of Human Anatomy for Clinical Imaging Diagnosis |
 Magnetic resonance angiogram ex Department of Radiology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center |
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[ Anatomy & Physiology 1 syllabus ] [ Anatomy & Physiology 2 syllabus ] [ Page created 1999-07-13 ][ Last update 2008-04-22 ] [ Questions about this lecture? E-mail me ] |
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