Konstantin Tsiolkovsky

Welcome to lifeform.org and lifeform.net, home of the Tsiolkovsky Group,

a space for Individuals dedicated to the realization of Hydrogen and Oxygen

powered, single stage to orbit, manned Space Colonization and development.

Save the Earth - Develop Space

Rocket Science

History of Rocket Science
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky	Russia	1903	Original Space Flight Concepts
Robert Goddard	America	1917	Initial Theory and Experiments
Hermann Oberth	Germany	1923	Initial Theory
Werner von Braun	Germany	1939	First Operational Rocket/V2
	America	1961	F1/J2/Saturn/Apollo Program
Sergey Korolyov	Russia	1957	R-7/Vostok/Soyuz
Krafft Ehricke	America	1961	RL-10/Centaur Upper Stage

Present Rocket Science Assets - 2005
Space Shuttle Main Engine	SSME	1981	350+ SSME Flights
Space Transportation System	STS	1981	Space Shuttle Infrastructure
International Space Station/Soyuz	ISS	2001	Operational and Functional
Boeing Delta IV Medium Upper Stage Rocketdyne RS-68 Pratt & Whitney RL-10B-2		2001	Hydrogen Powered Two Stage to Orbit Launch Vehicle

Future Rocket Science Goals - 2010
Human rate the Boeing Delta IV medium rocket. Build two human rated launch pads at SLC-37A/B.
Convert Space Shuttle VAB and launch pad for single space shuttle main engines in a straight stack.
Demonstrate the first single stage to orbit flight using single space shuttle main engines - SSTO.
Demonstrate the first fully reusable launch vehicle using single space shuttle main engines - RLV.
Demonstrate full flow staged combustion engine - integrated powerhead demonstrator program - IPD.

Hydrogen/Oxygen Engine Comparison
Cryogenic Engine	SSME (109%)	RS-68	ET (Ideal)
Launcher Usage	Space Shuttle	Delta IV	SSTO/RLV
Engine Weight	7,480 lbs.	14,560 lbs.	7,500 lbs.
Sea Level Thrust	418,660 lbf.	650,000 lbf.	650,000 lbf.
Vacuum Thrust	512,950 lbf.	745,000 lbf.	750,000 lbf.
Chamber Pressure	3,008 psia.	1,410 psia.	3,000 psia.
Specific Impulse - Isp	452 seconds	410 seconds	450 seconds
Nozzle Area Ratio	69 : 1	25.1 : 1	70 : 1
Thrust to Weight Ratio	68.6 : 1	51 : 1	100 : 1

Instant Human - Just Add Coffee

Save the Earth - Develop Space

n	H	2e						Compounds							p	2h	H	He
He	Li	Be						Molecules					B	C	N	O	F	Ne
Ne	Na	Mg						Solutions					Al	Si	P	S	Cl	Ar
Ar	K	Ca	Sc	Ti	V	Cr	Mn	Fe	Co	Ni	Cu	Zn	Ga	Ge	As	Se	Br	Kr
Kr	Rb	Sr	Y	Zr	Nb	Mo	Tc	Ru	Rh	Pd	Ag	Cd	In	Sn	Sb	Te	I	Xe
Xe	Cs	Ba	La	Hf	Ta	W	Re	Os	Ir	Pt	Au	Hg	Tl	Pb	Bi

				Ce	Pr	Nd	Pm	Sm	Eu	Gd	Tb	Dy	Ho	Er	Tm	Yb	Lu

a'	a	b'	b	c	d'	d	e'	e	f	g'	g

Infrared - Pink - Red - Orange - Tan (Brown) - Yellow - Lime
Green - Aqua (Cyan) - Marine - Blue - Purple - Magenta - Ultraviolet

Radio Waves - Microwaves - Infrared - Optical - Ultraviolet - X-Rays - Gamma Rays

Cosmic Rays

Hydrogen

Phonons

Photons

Heat

Light

Energy

Proton

Neutron

Electron

Water

Oxygen

Hydrogen

Water

Elements

Molecules

Compounds

Solutions

Inert Gases

Helium

Neon

Argon

Krypton

Xenon

Organics

Hydrogen

Carbon

Oxygen

Nitrogen

Phosphorus

Alkali Metals	Lithium	Sodium	Potassium	Rubidium	Cesium
Alkaline Earth Metals	Beryllium	Magnesium	Calcium	Strontium	Barium
Rare Earth Metals	Scandium	Yttrium	Lanthanum	Cerium	Lanthanides
Transition Metals	Titanium	Vanadium	Chromium	Manganese	Refractories
Industrial Metals	Iron	Cobalt	Nickel	Copper	Zinc
Technical Metals	Aluminum	Gallium	Indium	Tin	Lead
Noble Metals	Nickel	Palladium	Platinum	Silver	Gold
Heavy Metals	Cadmium	Mercury	Thallium	Lead	Bismuth

Refractories	Zirconium	Niobium	Molybdenum	Ruthenium	Rhodium
Hafnium	Tantalum	Tungsten	Rhenium	Osmium	Iridium

Lanthanides	Lanthanum	Cerium	Praseodymium	Neodymium
Samarium	Europium	Gadolinium	Terbium	Dysprosium
Holmium	Erbium	Thulium	Ytterbium	Lutetium

Group III Elements	Boron	Aluminum	Gallium	Indium	Thallium
Group IV Elements	Carbon	Silicon	Germanium	Tin	Lead
Group V Elements	Nitrogen	Phosphorus	Arsenic	Antimony	Bismuth
Semiconductors	Silicon	Germanium	Arsenic	Boron	Phosphorus
Chalcogenides	Oxygen	Sulfur	Selenium	Tellurium	Electron
Halide Salts	Hydrogen	Fluorine	Chlorine	Bromine	Iodine

Organics

Hydrogen

Carbon

Nitrogen

Oxygen

Phosphorus

Inert Gases

Helium

Neon

Argon

Krypton

Xenon

Hydrides
Water - H2O	Ammonia - NH3	Methane - CH4

Molecular Gases
Hydrogen - H2	Oxygen - O2	Nitrogen - N2	Argon - Arn

Oxides
Carbonate - CO3	Silicate - SiO2	Borate - BO3
Carbon Dioxide - CO2	Silicon Dioxide - SiO2	Boric Acid - H3BO3

Nutrients
Nitrate - NO3-	Phosphate - PO43-	Sulfate - SO42-
Nitric Acid - HNO3	Phosphoric Acid - H3PO4	Sulfuric Acid - H2SO4
Potassium Nitrate - KNO3	Potassium Phosphate - KH2PO4	Potassium Sulfate - K2SO4

Calcium Nitrate - Ca(NO3)2. 4(H2O)

Magnesium Sulfate - MgSO4. 7(H2O)

Potassium Hydroxide - KOH

HyperPhysics

Bismuth (I) Iodide - BiI

State	Te (cm-1)		re (Å)		we (cm-1)
	Calc.	Exp.	Calc.	Exp.	Calc.	Exp.
C13S-0+	0	0	2.886	2.805	156	164
C23S-1	5096	6182	2.878	-	152	169
a1D2	12336	-	2.861	-	155	-
B0+ (III)	24148	23389	2.898	-	170	198
0+ (IV)	25691	-	3.095	-	217	-

HyperPhysics

Character Map		Symbol Fonts
Greek Alphabet		Metric Prefixes
Electromagnetic Spectrum		Microwave Bands
SI International System of Units		Fundamental Physical Constants
SI Defined Units	SI Derived Units	SI Accepted Units	SI Derived Quantities
Earth Constants	Universal Constants	Planck Constants	Electromagnetic Constants
Bohr Magneton	Nuclear Magneton	Fine Structure Constant	Rydberg Constant
Physical Constants	Chemical Constants	Boltzmann Constant	Physicochemical Constants
Electron Constants	Proton Constants	Neutron Constants	Deuteron Constants
Energy Equivalence Factors		Energy Conversion Factors
Energy Equivalence I	Energy Equivalence II	Energy Equivalence III	Energy Equivalence IV
Energy Conversion I	Energy Conversion II	Energy Conversion III	Energy Conversion IV
Natural Units (n.u.)		Atomic Units (a.u.)
Other (SI Derived) Units

Symbols and Terminology of Condensed Matter Physics
Space and Time	Classical Mechanics
Electromagnetism	Quantum Mechanics
Atoms and Molecules	Statistical Mechanics
Electromagnetic Radiation
Spectroscopy
Solid State Physics
General Chemistry	Thermodynamics
Thermodynamic Functions and Relations
Notation for Chemical and Physical Changes
Chemical Kinetics	Electrochemistry
Surface Properties	Transport Properties
Dimensionless Quantities

Character Map - Times New Roman
#	32	33	34	35	36	37	38	39	40	41	42	43	44	45	46	47	48	49	50	51	52	53	54	55	56	57	58	59	60	61	62	63	#
32		!	"	#	$	%	&	'	(	)	*	+	,	-	.	/	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	:	;	<	=	>	?	63
64	@	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M	N	O	P	Q	R	S	T	U	V	W	X	Y	Z	[	\	]	^	_	95
96	`	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h	i	j	k	l	m	n	o	p	q	r	s	t	u	v	w	x	y	z	{	|	}	~		127
128			‚	ƒ	„	…	†	‡	ˆ	‰	Š	‹	Œ					‘	’	“	”	•	–	—	˜	™	š	›	œ			Ÿ	160
160		¡	¢	£	¤	¥	¦	§	¨	©	ª	«	¬	­	®	¯	°	±	²	³	´	µ	¶	·	¸	¹	º	»	¼	½	¾	¿	191
192	À	Á	Â	Ã	Ä	Å	Æ	Ç	È	É	Ê	Ë	Ì	Í	Î	Ï	Ð	Ñ	Ò	Ó	Ô	Õ	Ö	×	Ø	Ù	Ú	Û	Ü	Ý	Þ	ß	223
224	à	á	â	ã	ä	å	æ	ç	è	é	ê	ë	ì	í	î	ï	ð	ñ	ò	ó	ô	õ	ö	÷	ø	ù	ú	û	ü	ý	þ	ÿ	255
#	224	225	226	227	228	229	230	231	232	233	234	235	236	237	238	239	240	241	242	243	244	245	246	247	248	249	250	251	252	253	254	255	#

Character Map - Symbol
#	32	33	34	35	36	37	38	39	40	41	42	43	44	45	46	47	48	49	50	51	52	53	54	55	56	57	58	59	60	61	62	63	#
32		!	"	#	$	%	&	'	(	)	*	+	,	-	.	/	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	:	;	<	=	>	?	63
64	@	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M	N	O	P	Q	R	S	T	U	V	W	X	Y	Z	[	\	]	^	_	95
96	`	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h	i	j	k	l	m	n	o	p	q	r	s	t	u	v	w	x	y	z	{	|	}	~		127
128																																	160
160		¡	¢	£	¤	¥	¦	§	¨	©	ª	«	¬	­	®	¯	°	±	²	³	´	µ	¶	·	¸	¹	º	»	¼	½	¾	¿	191
192	À	Á	Â	Ã	Ä	Å	Æ	Ç	È	É	Ê	Ë	Ì	Í	Î	Ï	Ð	Ñ	Ò	Ó	Ô	Õ	Ö	×	Ø	Ù	Ú	Û	Ü	Ý	Þ	ß	223
224	à	á	â	ã	ä	å	æ	ç	è	é	ê	ë	ì	í	î	ï		ñ	ò	ó	ô	õ	ö	÷	ø	ù	ú	û	ü	ý	þ		255
#	224	225	226	227	228	229	230	231	232	233	234	235	236	237	238	239	240	241	242	243	244	245	246	247	248	249	250	251	252	253	254	255	#

Greek Alphabet
Greek	Symbol		Letter		Greek	Symbol		Letter
Alpha	A	a	A	a	Nu	N	n	N	n
Beta	B	b	B	b	Xi	X	x	X	x
Gamma	G	g	G	g	Omicron	O	o	O	o
Delta	D	d	D	d	Pi	P	p	P	p
Epsilon	E	e	E	e	Rho	R	r	R	r
Zeta	Z	z	Z	z	Sigma	S	s	S	s
Eta	H	h	H	h	Tau	T	t	T	t
Theta	Q	q	Q	q	Upsilon	U	u	U	u
Iota	I	i	I	i	Phi	F	f	F	f
Kappa	K	k	K	k	Chi	C	c	C	c
Lambda	L	l	L	l	Psi	Y	y	Y	y
Mu	M	m	M	m	Omega	W	w	W	w

Metric Prefixes
Prefix	Symbol	´	Value	Prefix	Symbol	´	Value
-	-	100	one	-	-	100	one
deka	da	101	ten	deci	d	10-1	tenth
hecto	h	102	hundred	centi	c	10-2	hundredth
kilo	k	103	thousand	milli	m	10-3	thousandth
mega	M	106	million	micro	m	10-6	millionth
giga	G	109	billion	nano	n	10-9	billionth
tera	T	1012	trillion	pico	p	10-12	trillionth
peta	P	1015	quadrillion	femto	f	10-15	quadrillionth
exa	E	1018	zillion	atto	a	10-18	zillionth
zetta	Z	1021	bizillion	zepto	z	10-21	bizillionth
yotta	Y	1024	godzillion	yocto	y	10-24	godzillionth
lotta	X	1027	wholelotta	little	x	10-27	reallittle

Other euphemisms are possible, i.e. - mongo, mutha, eensyteensy, ittybitty, nada, zip, zilch ...

HyperPhysics

HyperPhysics

Frequency (Hz) = n = c/l = ck

Wavelength (m) = l = c/n = 1/k

Wavenumber (m-1) = k = n/c = 1/l

Speed of Light in Vacuum = c0 = 299 792 458 m s-1 (exact)

A Frequency and Wavenumber of 0 and a Wavelength of ¥ is called Direct Current.

Wait a Second, 0 ´ ¥ = 0/0 = ¼ God, my brain hurts ¼

Electromagnetic Spectrum
Frequency	Wavelength	Wavenumber	Band	Energy
3 Hz - 30 Hz	108 m - 107 m	10-8 m-1 - 10-7 m-1	ELF 1, ITU 1	n/a
30 Hz - 300 Hz	107 m - 106 m	10-7 m-1 - 10-6 m-1	SLF, ELF 2, ITU 2	n/a
300 Hz - 3 kHz	106 m - 105 m	10-6 m-1 - 10-5 m-1	ULF, ELF 3, ITU 3	n/a
3 kHz - 30 kHz	105 m - 104 m	10-5 m-1 - 10-4 m-1	VLF, ITU 4, CW	n/a
30 kHz - 300 kHz	104 m - 103 m	10-4 m-1 - 10-3 m-1	LF, ITU 5, CW	n/a
300 kHz - 3 MHz	1 km - 100 m	10-3 m-1 - 10-2 m-1	MF, ITU 6, AM	n/a
3 MHz - 30 MHz	100 m - 10 m	10-2 m-1 - 10-1 m-1	HF, ITU 7, SSB	n/a
30 MHz - 300 MHz	10 m - 1 m	10-1 m-1 - 1 m-1	VHF, ITU 8, FM	n/a
Frequency	Wavelength	Wavenumber	Band	Energy
300 MHz - 3 GHz	1 m - 10 cm	1 m-1 - 10 m-1	UHF, ITU 9, FM, TV, Wireless, Microwave	1 meV - 10 meV
3 GHz - 30 GHz	10 cm - 1 cm	10 m-1 - 100 m-1	SHF, ITU 10, Microwave	10 meV - 100 meV
30 GHz - 300 GHz	1 cm - 1 mm	100 m-1 - 1000 m-1	EHF, ITU 11, Millimeter	100 meV - 1 meV
300 GHz - 3 THz	1 mm - 100 mm	10 cm-1 - 100 cm-1	ITU 12, Submillimeter	1 meV - 10 meV
3 THz - 30 THz	100 mm - 10 mm	100 cm-1 - 1000 cm-1	Far Infrared	10 meV - 100 meV
30 THz - 300 THz	10 mm - 1 mm	1000 cm-1 - 10000 cm-1	Infrared	100 meV - 1 eV
Frequency	Wavelength	Wavenumber	Band	Energy
3 ´ 1014 Hz - 3 ´ 1015 Hz	1 mm - 100 nm	10000 cm-1 - 105 cm-1	Near Infrared, Visible (Limit at ~ 3 eV), Near Ultraviolet	1 eV - 10 eV
3 ´ 1015 Hz - 3 ´ 1016 Hz	100 nm - 10 nm	10 mm-1 - 100 mm-1	Far Ultraviolet	10 eV - 100 eV
3 ´ 1016 Hz - 3 ´ 1017 Hz	10 nm - 1 nm	100 mm-1 - 1 nm-1	Soft X-rays	100 eV - 1 keV
3 ´ 1017 Hz - 3 ´ 1018 Hz	1 nm - 1 Å	1 nm-1 - 10 nm-1	X-rays	1 keV - 10 keV
3 ´ 1018 Hz - 3 ´ 1019 Hz	10-10 m - 10-11 m	1010 m-1 - 1011 m-1	Hard X-rays, Soft g Rays	10 keV - 100 keV
3 ´ 1019 Hz - 3 ´ 1020 Hz	10-11 m - 10-12 m	1011 m-1 - 1012 m-1	Soft g Rays, Hard g Rays (Limit at ~ 511 keV)	100 keV - 1 MeV
3 ´ 1020 Hz - 3 ´ 1021 Hz	10-12 m - 10-13 m	1012 m-1 - 1013 m-1	Hard "Cosmic" g Rays	1 MeV - 10 MeV
3 ´ 1021 Hz - 3 ´ 1022 Hz	10-13 m - 10-14 m	1013 m-1 - 1014 m-1	g Rays Produced by Cosmic Rays	10 MeV - 100 MeV
Frequency	Wavelength	Wavenumber	Band	Energy

Frequencies and Energies greater than this are in the realm of Nuclear Physics, High Energy Physics, Ungodly Physics and Godly Physics, in order of increasing Energy, respectively.

Microwave Bands
Frequency	Wavelength	Wavenumber	Band
1 GHz - 2 GHz	30 cm - 15 cm	3.3 m-1 - 6.7 m-1	L-Band
2 GHz - 4 GHz	15 cm - 7.5 cm	6.7 m-1 - 13.3 m-1	S-Band
4 GHz - 8 GHz	7.5 cm - 3.7 cm	13.3 m-1 - 26.7 m-1	C-Band
8 GHz - 12 GHz	3.7 cm - 2.5 cm	26.7 m-1 - 40 m-1	X-Band
12 GHz - 18 GHz	2.5 cm - 1.7 cm	40 m-1 - 60 m-1	Ku-Band
18 GHz - 27 GHz	1.7 cm - 1.1 cm	60 m-1 - 90 m-1	K-Band
27 GHz - 40 GHz	1.1 cm- 0.75 cm	90 m-1 - 133 m-1	Ka-Band

HyperPhysics

HyperPhysics

SI International System of Units

SI Defined Units
Quantity	Name	Symbol
length (distance)	meter	m
mass	kilogram	kg
time	second	s
temperature	Kelvin	K
current	Ampere	A (C s-1)
quantity	mole	mol
luminosity	candela	cd

SI Derived Units
Quantity	Name	Symbol	Units
frequency	Hertz	Hz	s-1
wavenumber	-	k	m-1
velocity	-	-	m s-1
acceleration	-	-	m s-2
force	Newton	N	kg m s-2
pressure (stress)	Pascal	Pa	N m-2 = kg m-1 s-2
Energy (work, Heat)	Joule	J	N m = kg m2 s-2 = W s
momentum (impulse)	Fritz	I	N s = kg m s-1
power	Watt	W	J s-1 = kg m2 s-3 = V A
electric charge	Coulomb	C	A s
electric potential (emf)	Volt	V	J C-1 = W A-1 = kg m2 s-3 A-1 = J s-1 A-1
resistance	Ohm	W	V A-1 = kg m2 s-3 A-2 = J s-1 A-2 = W A-2
conductance	Siemens	S	A V-1 = W-1 = kg-1 m-2 s3 A2 = J-1 s A2 = A2 W-1
magnetic flux	Weber	Wb	V s = kg m2 s-2 A-1 = J A-1
inductance	Henry	H	Wb A-1 = kg m2 s-2 A-2 = J A-2
capacitance	Farad	F	C V-1 = kg-1 m-2 s4 A2 = J-1 s2 A2 = C2 J-1
electric field strength	-	-	V m-1 = N C-1
electric displacement	-	-	C m-2
magnetic field strength	-	-	A m-1
magnetic flux density	Tesla	T	Wb m-2 = N A-1 m-1 = kg s-2 A-1
plane angle	radian	rad	2p (circle)
solid angle	steradian	sr	4p (sphere)
luminous flux	lumen	lm	cd sr
illuminance	lux	lx	lm m-2

SI Accepted Units
Quantity	Name	Symbol	Units
length	Ångstrom	Å, å	1 Å = 10-10 m
volume	Liter	L, l	1 L = 10-3 m3
mass	metric ton	t	1 t = 1000 kg
pressure	bar	bar	1 bar = 105 Pa = 105 N m-2
time	minute	min	1 min = 60 s
time	hour	h	1 h = 60 min = 3600 s
time	day	d	1 d = 24 h = 1440 min = 86 400 s
nautical distance	nautical mile	(nm)	1 nautical mile = 1852 m
nautical speed	knot	(kt)	1 nautical mile per hour = (1852/3600) m/s
plane angle	degree	o	1o = (p/180) rad
plane angle	minute	'	1' = (1/60)o = (p/10 800) rad
plane angle	second	"	1" = (1/60)' = (1/3600)o = (p/648 000) rad

SI Derived Quantities
Name	Quantity	Units
area	square meter	m2
volume	cubic meter	m3
mass density	kilogram per cubic meter	kg/m3
molar concentration	mole per cubic meter	mol/m3
specific volume	cubic meter per kilogram	m3/kg
molar mass	kilogram per mole	kg/mol
molar volume	cubic meter per mole	m3/mol
dynamic viscosity	Pascal second	Pa•s
moment of force	Newton meter, (Joule)	N•m, (J)
surface tension	Newton per meter, Joule per meter squared	N/m, J/m2
angular velocity	radian per second	rad/s
angular acceleration	radian per second squared	rad/s2
heat flux density, irradiance	Watt per square meter	W/m2
thermal conductivity	Watt per meter Kelvin	W/(m•K)
heat capacity, entropy	Joule per Kelvin	J/K
specific heat capacity, specific entropy	Joule per kilogram Kelvin	J/(kg•K)
specific energy	Joule per kilogram	J/kg
energy density	Joule per cubic meter	J/m3
molar energy	Joule per mole	J/mol
molar entropy, molar heat capacity	Joule per mole Kelvin	J/(mol•K)
electric field strength	Volt per meter	V/m
electric charge density	Coulomb per cubic meter	C/m3
electric flux density	Coulomb per square meter	C/m2
resistivity	Ohm meter	W•m
conductivity	Siemens per meter, (inverse Ohm meter)	S/m, (W-1 m-1)
permittivity	Farad per meter	F/m
permeability	Henry per meter	H/m, (N/A2)
exposure (X-Rays and g-Rays)	Coulomb per kilogram	C/kg
radiant intensity	Watt per steradian	W/sr
radiance	Watt per square meter steradian	W/(m2•sr)
luminance	candela per square meter	cd/m2

HyperPhysics

HyperPhysics

Fundamental Physical Constants
Updated to 1998 CODATA Recommended Values

Earth Constants
Constant	Symbol	Value
Standard Atmosphere	atm	101 325 Pa (exact)
Rounded Atmosphere	bar	100 000 Pa (exact)
Standard Acceleration of Gravity	ga, gn	9.806 65 m s-2 (exact)
Astronomical Unit (Earth - Sun)	au	1.495 978 706 91 (30) ´ 1011 m

Universal Constants
Constant	Symbol	Value
Speed of Light in Vacuum = (m0e0)-1/2	c, c0	299 792 458 m s-1 (exact)
Magnetic Constant (Permeability of Vacuum) = 4p ´ 10-7 N A-2 (4p ´ 10-7 H m-1) = 1/e0c2	m0	12.566 370 614 ¼ ´ 10-7 N A-2 (H m-1)
Electric Constant (Permittivity of Vacuum) = 1/m0c2	e0	8.854 187 817 ¼ ´ 10-12 F m-1
Characteristic Impedance of Vacuum = (m0/e0)1/2 = m0c = 1/e0c	Z0	376.730 313 461 ¼ W
Newtonian Constant of Gravitation	G	6.673 (10) ´ 10-11 m3 kg-1 s-2
Newtonian Constant of Gravitation	G/hc	6.707 (10) ´ 10-39 (GeV/c2)-2
electron Volt (in Joules) = {e/C} J	eV	1.602 176 462 (63) ´ 10-19 J
(unified) atomic mass unit = m(12C)/12 = 10-3 kg mol-1/NA	u	1.660 538 73 (13) ´ 10-27 kg = 1 Dalton (Da)

Planck Constants
Constant	Symbol	Value
Planck Constant (in Joules)	h	6.626 068 76 (52) ´ 10-34 J s (I m)
Planck Constant = h/{e} (in electron Volts)	h/{e}	4.135 667 27 (16) ´ 10-15 eV s
Reduced Planck Constant = h/2p (in Joules)	h (h bar)	1.054 571 596 (82) ´ 10-34 J s (I m)
Reduced Planck Constant = h/2p{e} (in electron Volts)	h/{e}	6.582 118 89 (26) ´ 10-16 eV s
Planck Mass = (hc/G)1/2	mP	2.176 7 (16) ´ 10-8 kg
Planck Length = h/mPc = (hG/c3)1/2	lP	1.616 0 (12) ´ 10-35 m
Planck Time = lP/c = (hG/c5)1/2	tP	5.390 6 (40) ´ 10-44 s

Electromagnetic Constants
Constant	Symbol	Value
Electronic Charge Quantum = e	e	1.602 176 462 (63) ´ 10-19 C
Quantized Electronic Charge = e/h	e/h	2.417 989 491 (95) ´ 1014 A J-1
Magnetic Flux Quantum = h/2e	F0	2.067 833 636 (81) ´ 10-15 Wb
Conductance Quantum = 2e2/h	G0	7.748 091 696 (28) ´ 10-5 S
Inverse Conductance Quantum = h/2e2	G0-1	12 906.403 786 (95) W
Josephson Constant = 2e/h	KJ	0.483 597 898 (19) ´ 1015 Hz V-1
Josephson Constant (conventional value)	KJ-90	483 597.9 GHz V-1 (exact)
von Klitzing Constant = h/e2 = m0c/2a	RK	25 812.807 592 (95) W
von Klitzing Constant (conventional value)	RK-90	25 812.807 W (exact)
Mental Note : Conventional values are the internationally adopted exact values, used for realizing representations of the Volt using the Josephson effect, and the Ohm using the quantum Hall effect (QHE).

Bohr Magneton
Constant	Symbol	Value
Bohr Magneton = eh/2me	mB	9.274 008 99 (37) ´ 10-24 J T-1
Bohr Magneton = mB/{e} (in electron Volts)	mB/e	5.788 381 749 (43) ´ 10-5 eV T-1
Bohr Magneton = mB/h (in Hertz)	mB/h	1.399 624 624 (56) ´ 1010 Hz T-1
Bohr Magneton = mB/hc (in wavenumbers)	mB/hc	46.686 452 1 (19) m-1 T-1
Bohr Magneton = mB/k (in Kelvins)	mB/k	0.671 713 1 (12) K T-1

Nuclear Magneton
Constant	Symbol	Value
Nuclear Magneton = eh/2mp	mN	5.050 783 17 (20) ´ 10-27 J T-1
Nuclear Magneton = mN/{e} (in electron Volts)	mN/e	3.152 451 238 (24) ´ 10-8 eV T-1
Nuclear Magneton = mN/h (in Hertz)	mN/h	7.622 593 964 (31) MHz T-1
Nuclear Magneton = mN/hc (in wavenumbers)	mN/hc	2.542 623 66 (10) ´ 10-2 m-1 T-1
Nuclear Magneton = mN/k (in Kelvins)	mN/k	3.658 263 8 (64) ´ 10-4 K T-1

(Inverse) Fine Structure Constant
Constant	Symbol	Value
Fine Structure Constant = m0ce2/2h = e2/2he0c	a	7.297 352 533 (27) ´ 10-3
Inverse Fine Structure Constant = 2h/e2m0c = e0c2h/e2	1/a = a-1	137.035 999 76 (50)

Rydberg Constant
Constant	Symbol	Value
Rydberg Constant = meca2/2h = Eh/2hc	R¥	10 973 731.568 549 (83) m-1
Rydberg Constant = R¥c (in Hertz)	R¥c	3.289 841 960 368 (25) ´ 1015 Hz
Rydberg Constant = R¥hc (in Joules)	R¥hc	2.179 871 90 (17) ´ 10-18 J
Rydberg Constant = R¥hc/{e} (in electron Volts)	R¥hc/{e}	13.605 691 72 (53) eV

Physical Constants
Constant	Symbol	Value
Bohr Radius = a/4pR¥ = 4pe0h2/mee2	a0	0.529 177 208 3 (19) ´ 10-10 m
Hartree Energy = e2/4pe0a0 = 2R¥hc = a2mec2 = h2/mea02	Eh	4.359 743 81 (34) ´ 10-18 J
Hartree Energy = Eh/{e} (in electron Volts)	Eh/{e}	27.211 383 4 (11) eV
Quantum of Circulation = h/2me	h/2me	3.636 947 516 (27) ´ 10-4 m2 s-1
Quanta of Circulation = h/me	h/me	7.273 895 032 (53) ´ 10-4 m2 s-1

Chemical Constants
Constant	Symbol	Value
Avogadro's Number (Avogadro Constant)	NA, L	6.022 141 99 (47) ´ 1023 mol-1
Atomic Mass Constant = m(12C)/12 = 10-3 kg mol-1/NA	mu	1.660 538 73 (13) ´ 10-27 kg = 1 Dalton (Da)
Atomic Mass Constant = muc2 (in Joules)	muc2	1.492 417 78 (12) ´ 10-10 J
Atomic Mass Constant = muc2/{e} (in electron Volts)	muc2/{e}	931.494 013 (37) MeV
Faraday Constant = NAe	F	96 485.341 5 (39) C mol-1
Faraday Constant = NAe (conventional value)	F	96 485.343 2 (76) C mol-1
Molar Planck Constant = NAh	NAh	3.990 312 689 (30) ´ 10-10 J s mol-1
Molar Planck Constant = NAhc	NAhc	0.119 626 564 92 (91) J m mol-1
Molar Gas Constant	R	8.314 472 (15) J mol-1 K-1
Molar Volume = RT / p (Ideal Gas at T = 273.15 K, p = 101 325 Pa - Standard Atmosphere)	Vm	22 413.996 (39) cm3 mol-1 ( p = 101 325 Pa)
Molar Volume = RT / p (Ideal Gas at T = 273.15 K, p = 100 000 Pa - Rounded Atmosphere)	Vm	22 710.981 (40) cm3 mol-1 ( p = 100 000 Pa)
Loschmidt Constant = NA/Vm	n0	2.686 777 5 (47) ´ 1025 m-3

Boltzmann Constant
Constant	Symbol	Value
Boltzmann Constant = R/NA	k, kB	1.380 650 3 (24) ´ 10-23 J K-1
Boltzmann Constant = k/{e} (in electron Volts)	k/{e}	8.617 342 (15) ´ 10-5 eV K-1
Boltzmann Constant = k/h (in Hertz)	k/h	2.083 664 4 (36) ´ 1010 Hz K-1
Boltzmann Constant = k/hc (in wavenumbers)	k/hc	69.503 56 (12) m-1 K-1

Physicochemical Constants
Constant	Symbol	Value
Stefan-Boltzmann Constant = (p2/60)k4/h3c2	s	5.670 400 (40) ´ 10-8 W m-2 K-4
First Radiation Constant = 2phc2	c1	3.741 771 07 (93) ´ 10-16 W m2
First Radiation Constant (Spectral Radiance) = 2hc2	c1L	1.191 042 722 (29) ´ 10-16 W m2 sr-1
Second Radiation Constant = hc/k	c2	0.014 387 752 (25) m K
Wien Displacement Law Constant = lmaxT = c2 / 4.965 114 231 ¼	b	2.897 768 6 (51) m K
Sackur-Tetrode Constant (absolute entropy constant) = 5/2 + ln[(2pmu kT1 / h2)3/2 kT1 / p0], T1 = 1 K, p0 = 101.325 kPa - Standard Atmosphere	-	– 1.164 867 8 (44)
Sackur-Tetrode Constant (absolute entropy constant) = 5/2 + ln[(2pmu kT1 / h2)3/2 kT1 / p0], T1 = 1 K, p0 = 100 kPa - Rounded Atmosphere	S0/R	– 1.151 704 8 (44)
Mental Note : The entropy of an ideal monoatomic gas of relative atomic mass Ar is given by : S = S0 + 3/2 R ln Ar – R ln ( p / p0) + 5/2 R ln (T / K).

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Electron Constants
Constant	Symbol	Value
Electron Mass	me	9.109 381 88 (72) ´ 10-31 kg
Electron Mass (in atomic mass units)	me	5.485 799 110 (12) ´ 10-4 u (amu)
Electron Mass = mec2 (in Joules)	mec2	8.187 104 14 (64) ´ 10-14 J
Electron Mass = mec2/{e} (in electron Volts)	mec2/{e}	0.510 998 902 (21) MeV
Electron - Proton Mass Ratio = me/mp	me/mp	5.446 170 232 (12) ´ 10-4
Electron - Neutron Mass Ratio = me/mn	me/mn	5.438 673 462 (12) ´ 10-4
Electron - Deuteron Mass Ratio = me/md	me/md	2.724 437 117 0 (58) ´ 10-4
Electron Charge to Mass Ratio = – e/me	– e/me	– 1.758 820 174 (71) ´ 1011 C kg-1
Electron Molar Mass = NAme	M(e), Me	5.485 799 110 (12) ´ 10-7 kg mol-1
Electron Compton Wavelength = h/mec	lC(e)	2.426 310 215 (18) ´ 10-12 m
Electron Compton Wavelength = lC(e)/2p = aa0 = a2/4pR¥	lC(e)	3.861 592 642 (28) ´ 10-13 m
Electron Classical Radius = a2 a0	re	2.817 940 285 (31) ´ 10-15 m
Thomson Cross Section = (8p/3)re2	se	0.665 245 854 (15) ´ 10-28 m2
Electron Magnetic Moment	me	– 928.476 362 (37) ´ 10-26 J T-1
Electron Magnetic Moment = me/mB (in Bohr magnetons)	me/mB	– 1.001 159 652 186 9 (41)
Electron Magnetic Moment = me/mN (in Nuclear magnetons)	me/mN	– 1 838.281 966 0 (39)
Electron Magnetic Moment Anomaly = me/mB – 1	ae	1.159 652 186 9 (41) ´ 10-3
Electron g-factor = 2(1 + ae)	ge	– 2.002 319 304 373 7 (82)
Electron - Proton Magnetic Moment Ratio = me/mp	me/mp	– 658.210 687 5 (66)
Electron - Neutron Magnetic Moment Ratio = me/mn	me/mn	960.920 50 (23)
Electron - Deuteron Magnetic Moment Ratio = me/md	me/md	– 2 143.923 498 (23)
Electron Gyromagnetic Ratio = 2|me|/h	ge	1.760 859 794 (71) ´ 1011 s-1 T-1
Electron Gyromagnetic Ratio = ge/2p = 2|me|/h	ge/2p	28 024.954 0 (11) MHz T-1

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Proton Constants
Constant	Symbol	Value
Proton Mass	mp	1.672 621 58 (13) ´ 10-27 kg
Proton Mass (in atomic mass units)	mp	1.007 276 466 88 (13) u (amu)
Proton Mass = mpc2 (in Joules)	mpc2	1.503 277 31 (12) ´ 10-10 J
Proton Mass = mpc2/{e} (in electron Volts)	mpc2/{e}	938.271 998 (38) MeV
Proton - Electron Mass Ratio = mp/me	mp/me	1836.152 667 5 (39)
Proton - Neutron Mass Ratio = mp/mn	mp/mn	0.998 623 478 55 (58)
Proton Charge to Mass Ratio = e/mp	e/mp	9.578 834 08 (38) ´ 107 C kg-1
Proton Molar Mass = NAmp	M(p), Mp	1.007 276 466 88 (13) ´ 10-3 kg mol-1
Proton Compton Wavelength = h/mpc	lC(p)	1.321 409 847 (10) ´ 10-15 m
Proton Compton Wavelength = lC(p)/2p	lC(p)	2.103 089 089 (16) ´ 10-16 m
Proton Magnetic Moment	mp	1.410 606 633 (58) ´ 10-26 J T-1
Proton Magnetic Moment = mp/mB (in Bohr magnetons)	mp/mB	1.521 032 203 (15) ´ 10-3
Proton Magnetic Moment = mp/mN (in Nuclear magnetons)	mp/mN	2.792 847 337 (29)
Proton - Neutron Magnetic Moment Ratio = mp/mn	mp/mn	– 1.459 898 05 (34)
Proton g-factor = 2mp/mN	gp	5.585 694 675 (57)
Proton Gyromagnetic Ratio = 2|mp|/h	gp	2.675 222 12 (11) ´ 108 s-1 T-1
Proton Gyromagnetic Ratio = gp/2p = 2|mp|/h	gp/2p	42.577 482 5 (18) MHz T-1

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Neutron Constants
Constant	Symbol	Value
Neutron Mass	mn	1.674 927 16 (13) ´ 10-27 kg
Neutron Mass (in atomic mass units)	mn	1.008 664 915 78 (55) u (amu)
Neutron Mass = mnc2 (in Joules)	mnc2	1.505 349 46 (12) ´ 10-10 J
Neutron Mass = mnc2/{e} (in electron Volts)	mnc2/{e}	939.565 330 (38) MeV
Neutron - Electron Mass Ratio = mn/me	mn/me	1838.683 655 0 (40)
Neutron - Proton Mass Ratio = mn/mp	mn/mp	1.001 378 418 87 (58)
Neutron Molar Mass = NAmn	M(n), Mn	1.008 664 915 78 (55) ´ 10-3 kg mol-1
Neutron Compton Wavelength = h/mnc	lC(n)	1.319 590 898 (10) ´ 10-15 m
Neutron Compton Wavelength = lC(n)/2p	lC(n)	2.100 194 142 (16) ´ 10-16 m
Neutron Magnetic Moment	mn	– 0.966 236 40 (23) ´ 10-26 J T-1
Neutron Magnetic Moment = mn/mB (in Bohr magnetons)	mn/mB	– 1.041 875 63 (25) ´ 10-3
Neutron Magnetic Moment = mn/mN (in Nuclear magnetons)	mn/mN	– 1.913 042 72 (45)
Neutron - Electron Magnetic Moment Ratio = mn/me	mn/mB	1.040 668 82 (25) ´ 10-3
Neutron - Proton Magnetic Moment Ratio = mn/mp	mn/mp	– 0.684 979 34 (16)
Neutron g-factor = 2mn/mN	gn	– 3.826 085 45 (90)
Neutron Gyromagnetic Ratio = 2|mn|/h	gn	1.832 471 88 (44) ´ 108 s-1 T-1
Neutron Gyromagnetic Ratio = gn/2p = 2|mn|/h	gn/2p	29.164 695 8 (70) MHz T-1

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Deuteron Constants
Constant	Symbol	Value
Deuteron Mass	md	3.343 583 09 (26) ´ 10-27 kg
Deuteron Mass (in atomic mass units)	md	2.013 553 212 71 (35) u (amu)
Deuteron Mass = mdc2 (in Joules)	mdc2	3.005 062 62 (24) ´ 10-10 J
Deuteron Mass = mdc2/{e} (in electron Volts)	mdc2/{e}	1 875.612 762 (75) MeV
Deuteron - Electron Mass Ratio = md/me	md/me	3 670.482 955 0 (78)
Deuteron - Proton Mass Ratio = md/mp	md/mp	1.999 007 500 83 (41)
Deuteron Molar Mass = NAmd	M(d), Md	2.013 553 212 71 (35) ´ 10-3 kg mol-1
Deuteron Magnetic Moment	md	0.433 073 457 (18) ´ 10-26 J T-1
Deuteron Magnetic Moment = md/mB (in Bohr magnetons)	md/mB	0.466 975 4556 (50) ´ 10-3
Deuteron Magnetic Moment = md/mN (in Nuclear magnetons)	md/mN	0.857 438 2284 (94)
Deuteron - Electron Magnetic Moment Ratio = md/me	md/mB	– 4.664 345 537 (50) ´ 10-4
Deuteron - Proton Magnetic Moment Ratio = md/mp	md/mp	0.307 012 2083 (45)
Deuteron - Neutron Magnetic Moment Ratio = md/mn	md/mn	– 0.448 206 52 (11)

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Energy Equivalence Factors
E = mc2 = hc/l = hn = kT

Next	Energy Equivalence I	Previous
Units	J (Joule)	kg (kilogram)
1 J (Joule) =	1 J (Joule)	1.112 650 056 ´ 10-17 kg
1 kg (kilogram) =	8.987 551 787 ´ 1016 J	1 kg (kilogram)
1 m-1 (wavenumber) =	1.986 445 44 (16) ´ 10-25 J	2.210 218 63 (17) ´ 10-42 kg
1 Hz (Hertz) =	6.626 068 76 (52) ´ 10-34 J	7.372 495 78 (58) ´ 10-51 kg
1 K (Kelvin) =	1.380 650 3 (24) ´ 10-23 J	1.536 180 7 (27) ´ 10-40 kg
1 eV (electron Volt) =	1.602 176 462 (63) ´ 10-19 J	1.782 661 731 (70) ´ 10-36 kg
1 u (atomic mass unit) =	1.492 417 78 (12) ´ 10-10 J	1.660 538 73 (13) ´ 10-27 kg
1 Hartree (atomic energy unit) =	4.359 743 81 (34) ´ 10-18 J	4.850 869 19 (38) ´ 10-35 kg

Next	Energy Equivalence II	Previous
Units	m-1 (wavenumber)	Hz (Hertz)
1 J (Joule) =	5.034 117 62 (39) ´ 1024 m-1	1.509 190 50 (12) ´ 1033 Hz
1 kg (kilogram) =	4.524 439 29 (35) ´ 1041 m-1	1.356 392 77 (11) ´ 1050 Hz
1 m-1 (wavenumber) =	1 m-1 (wavenumber)	299 792 458 Hz
1 Hz (Hertz) =	3.335 640 952 ´ 10-9 m-1	1 Hz (Hertz)
1 K (Kelvin) =	69.503 56 (12) m-1	2.083 664 4 (36) ´ 1010 Hz
1 eV (electron Volt) =	806 544.77 (32) m-1	2.417 989 491 (95) ´ 1014 Hz
1 u (atomic mass unit) =	7.513 006 658 (57) ´ 1014 m-1	2.252 342 733 (17) ´ 1023 Hz
1 Hartree (atomic energy unit) =	21 947 463.137 10 (17) m-1	6.579 683 920 735 (50) ´ 1015 Hz

Next	Energy Equivalence III	Previous
Units	K (Kelvin)	eV (electron Volt)
1 J (Joule) =	7.242 964 (13) ´ 1022 K	6.241 509 74 (24) ´ 1018 eV
1 kg (kilogram) =	6.509 651 (11) ´ 1039 K	5.609 589 21 (22) ´ 1035 eV
1 m-1 (wavenumber) =	0.014 387 752 (25) K	1.239 841 857 (49) ´ 10-6 eV
1 Hz (Hertz) =	4.799 237 4 (84) ´ 10-11 K	4.135 667 27 (16) ´ 10-15 eV
1 K (Kelvin) =	1 K (Kelvin)	8.617 342 (15) ´ 10-5 eV
1 eV (electron Volt) =	11 604.506 K	1 eV (electron Volt)
1 u (atomic mass unit) =	1.080 952 8 (19) ´ 1013 K	931.494 013 (37) ´ 106 eV
1 Hartree (atomic energy unit) =	3.157 746 5 (55) ´ 105 K	27.211 383 4 (11) eV

Next	Energy Equivalence IV	Previous
Units	u (atomic mass unit)	Hartree (atomic energy unit)
1 J (Joule) =	6.700 536 62 (53) ´ 109 u	2.293 712 76 (18) ´ 1017 Hartree
1 kg (kilogram) =	6.022 141 99 (47) ´ 1026 u	2.061 486 22 (16) ´ 1034 Hartree
1 m-1 (wavenumber) =	1.331 025 042 (10) ´ 10-15 u	4.556 335 252 750 (35) ´ 10-8 Hartree
1 Hz (Hertz) =	4.439 821 637 (34) ´ 10-24 u	1.519 829 846 003 (12) ´ 10-16 Hartree
1 K (Kelvin) =	9.251 098 (16) ´ 10-14 u	3.166 815 3 (55) ´ 10-6 Hartree
1 eV (electron Volt) =	1.073 544 206 (43) ´ 10-9 u	0.036 749 326 0 (14) Hartree
1 u (atomic mass unit) =	1 u (atomic mass unit)	3.423 177 709 (26) ´ 107 Hartree
1 Hartree (atomic energy unit) =	2.921 262 304 (22) ´ 10-8 u	1 Hartree (atomic energy unit)

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Energy Conversion Factors
E = mc2 = hc/l = hn = kT

Next	Energy Conversion I	Previous
Units	J (Joule)	kg (kilogram)
1 J (Joule) ´ factor = energy equivalent =	1 J (Joule) ´ 1 = 1 J (Joule)	1 J (Joule) ´ {1/c2} = 1.112 650 056 ´ 10-17 kg
1 kg (kilogram) ´ factor = energy equivalent =	1 kg (kilogram) ´ {c2} = 8.987 551 787 ´ 1016 J	1 kg (kilogram) ´ 1 = 1 kg (kilogram)
1 m-1 (wavenumber) ´ factor = energy equivalent =	1 m-1 (wavenumber) ´ {hc} = 1.986 445 44 (16) ´ 10-25 J	1 m-1 (wavenumber) ´ {h/c} = 2.210 218 63 (17) ´ 10-42 kg
1 Hz (Hertz) ´ factor = energy equivalent =	1 Hz (Hertz) ´ {h} = 6.626 068 76 (52) ´ 10-34 J	1 Hz (Hertz) ´ {h/c2} = 7.372 495 78 (58) ´ 10-51 kg
1 K (Kelvin) ´ factor = energy equivalent =	1 K (Kelvin) ´ {k} = 1.380 650 3 (24) ´ 10-23 J	1 K (Kelvin) ´ {k/c2} = 1.536 180 7 (27) ´ 10-40 kg
1 eV (electron Volt) ´ factor = energy equivalent =	1 eV (electron Volt) ´ {e} = 1.602 176 462 (63) ´ 10-19 J	1 eV (electron Volt) ´ {e/c2} = 1.782 661 731 (70) ´ 10-36 kg
1 u (atomic mass unit) ´ factor = energy equivalent =	1 u (atomic mass unit) ´ {muc2} = 1.492 417 78 (12) ´ 10-10 J	1 u (atomic mass unit) ´ {mu} = 1.660 538 73 (13) ´ 10-27 kg
1 Hartree (atomic energy unit) ´ factor = energy equivalent =	1 Hartree ´ {2R¥hc} = 4.359 743 81 (34) ´ 10-18 J	1 Hartree ´ {2R¥h/c} = 4.850 869 19 (38) ´ 10-35 kg

Next	Energy Conversion II	Previous
Units	m-1 (wavenumber)	Hz (Hertz)
1 J (Joule) ´ factor = energy equivalent =	1 J (Joule) ´ {1/hc} = 5.034 117 62 (39) ´ 1024 m-1	1 J (Joule) ´ {1/h} = 1.509 190 50 (12) ´ 1033 Hz
1 kg (kilogram) ´ factor = energy equivalent =	1 kg (kilogram) ´ {c/h} = 4.524 439 29 (35) ´ 1041 m-1	1 kg (kilogram) ´ {c2/h} = 1.356 392 77 (11) ´ 1050 Hz
1 m-1 (wavenumber) ´ factor = energy equivalent =	1 m-1 (wavenumber) ´ 1 = 1 m-1 (wavenumber)	1 m-1 (wavenumber) ´ {c} = 299 792 458 Hz
1 Hz (Hertz) ´ factor = energy equivalent =	1 Hz (Hertz) ´ {1/c} = 3.335 640 952 ´ 10-9 m-1	1 Hz (Hertz) ´ 1 = 1 Hz (Hertz)
1 K (Kelvin) ´ factor = energy equivalent =	1 K (Kelvin) ´ {k/hc} = 69.503 56 (12) m-1	1 K (Kelvin) ´ {k/h} = 2.083 664 4 (36) ´ 1010 Hz
1 eV (electron Volt) ´ factor = energy equivalent =	1 eV (electron Volt) ´ {e/hc} = 806 544.77 (32) m-1	1 eV (electron Volt) ´ {e/h} = 2.417 989 491 (95) ´ 1014 Hz
1 u (atomic mass unit) ´ factor = energy equivalent =	1 u (atomic mass unit) ´ {muc/h} = 7.513 006 658 (57) ´ 1014 m-1	1 u (atomic mass unit) ´ {muc2/h} = 2.252 342 733 (17) ´ 1023 Hz
1 Hartree (atomic energy unit) ´ factor = energy equivalent =	1 Hartree ´ {2R¥} = 21 947 463.137 10 (17) m-1	1 Hartree ´ {2R¥c} = 6.579 683 920 735 (50) ´ 1015 Hz

Next	Energy Conversion III	Previous
Units	K (Kelvin)	eV (electron Volt)
1 J (Joule) ´ factor = energy equivalent =	1 J (Joule) ´ {1/k} = 7.242 964 (13) ´ 1022 K	1 J (Joule) ´ {1/e} = 6.241 509 74 (24) ´ 1018 eV
1 kg (kilogram) ´ factor = energy equivalent =	1 kg (kilogram) ´ {c2/k} = 6.509 651 (11) ´ 1039 K	1 kg (kilogram) ´ {c2/e} = 5.609 589 21 (22) ´ 1035 eV
1 m-1 (wavenumber) ´ factor = energy equivalent =	1 m-1 (wavenumber) ´ {hc/k} = 0.014 387 752 (25) K	1 m-1 (wavenumber) ´ {hc/e} = 1.239 841 857 (49) ´ 10-6 eV
1 Hz (Hertz) ´ factor = energy equivalent =	1 Hz (Hertz) ´ {h/k} = 4.799 237 4 (84) ´ 10-11 K	1 Hz (Hertz) ´ {h/e} = 4.135 667 27 (16) ´ 10-15 eV
1 K (Kelvin) ´ factor = energy equivalent =	1 K (Kelvin) ´ 1 = 1 K (Kelvin)	1 K (Kelvin) ´ {k/e} = 8.617 342 (15) ´ 10-5 eV
1 eV (electron Volt) ´ factor = energy equivalent =	1 eV (electron Volt) ´ {e/k} = 11 604.506 K	1 eV (electron Volt) ´ 1 = 1 eV (electron Volt)
1 u (atomic mass unit) ´ factor = energy equivalent =	1 u (atomic mass unit) ´ {muc2/k} = 1.080 952 8 (19) ´ 1013 K	1 u (atomic mass unit) ´ {muc2/e} = 931.494 013 (37) ´ 106 eV
1 Hartree (atomic energy unit) ´ factor = energy equivalent =	1 Hartree ´ {2R¥hc/k} = 3.157 746 5 (55) ´ 105 K	1 Hartree ´ {2R¥hc/e} = 27.211 383 4 (11) eV

Next	Energy Conversion IV	Previous
Units	u (atomic mass unit)	Hartree (atomic energy unit)
1 J (Joule) ´ factor = energy equivalent =	1 J (Joule) ´ {1/muc2} = 6.700 536 62 (53) ´ 109 u	1 J (Joule) ´ {1/2R¥hc} = 2.293 712 76 (18) ´ 1017 Hartree
1 kg (kilogram) ´ factor = energy equivalent =	1 kg (kilogram) ´ {1/mu} = 6.022 141 99 (47) ´ 1026 u	1 kg (kilogram) ´ {c/2R¥h} = 2.061 486 22 (16) ´ 1034 Hartree
1 m-1 (wavenumber) ´ factor = energy equivalent =	1 m-1 (wavenumber) ´ {h/muc} = 1.331 025 042 (10) ´ 10-15 u	1 m-1 (wavenumber) ´ {1/2R¥} = 4.556 335 252 750 (35) ´ 10-8 Hartree
1 Hz (Hertz) ´ factor = energy equivalent =	1 Hz (Hertz) ´ {h/muc2} = 4.439 821 637 (34) ´ 10-24 u	1 Hz (Hertz) ´ {1/2R¥c} = 1.519 829 846 003 (12) ´ 10-16 Hartree
1 K (Kelvin) ´ factor = energy equivalent =	1 K (Kelvin) ´ {k/muc2} = 9.251 098 (16) ´ 10-14 u	1 K (Kelvin) ´ {k/2R¥hc} = 3.166 815 3 (55) ´ 10-6 Hartree
1 eV (electron Volt) ´ factor = energy equivalent =	1 eV (electron Volt) ´ {e/muc2} = 1.073 544 206 (43) ´ 10-9 u	1 eV (electron Volt) ´ {e/2R¥hc} = 0.036 749 326 0 (14) Hartree
1 u (atomic mass unit) ´ factor = energy equivalent =	1 u (atomic mass unit) ´ 1 = 1 u (atomic mass unit)	1 u (atomic mass unit) ´ {muc/2R¥h} = 3.423 177 709 (26) ´ 107 Hartree
1 Hartree (atomic energy unit) ´ factor = energy equivalent =	1 Hartree ´ {2R¥h/muc} = 2.921 262 304 (22) ´ 10-8 u	1 Hartree (atomic energy unit) ´ 1 = 1 Hartree (atomic energy unit)

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Next	Natural Units (n.u.)		Previous
Unit	Description	Symbol	Value
n.u. of velocity	Speed of Light in vacuum	c, c0	299 792 458 m s-1 (exact)
n.u. of action	Reduced Planck Constant = h = h/2p	h = h/2p	1.054 571 596 (82) ´ 10-34 J s (I m)
n.u. of mass	Electron Rest Mass (in kilograms)	me	9.109 381 88 (72) ´ 10-31 kg
n.u. of energy	electron energy equivalent (in Joules)	mec2	8.187 104 14 (64) ´ 10-14 J
n.u. of energy	electron energy equivalent (in electron Volts)	mec2/{e}	0.510 998 902 (21) MeV
n.u. of momentum	electron momentum equivalent	mec	2.730 923 98 (21) ´ 10-22 I (Fritz, N s, kg m s-1)
n.u. of momentum	electron momentum equivalent (in electron Volts/c)	mec/{e}	0.510 998 902 (21) MeV/c
n.u. of length	electron Compton wavelength = h/mec	lC	386.159 264 2 (28) ´ 10-15 m
n.u. of time	electronic transition equivalent	h/mec2	1.288 088 655 5 (95) ´ 10-21 s

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Next	Atomic Units (a.u.)	Previous
Unit	Symbol	Value
a.u. of mass (Electron Rest Mass)	me	9.109 381 88 (72) ´ 10-31 kg
a.u. of charge (Electronic Charge)	e	1.602 176 462 (63) ´ 10-19 C
a.u. of action (Reduced Planck Constant)	h = h/2p	1.054 571 596 (82) ´ 10-34 J s (I m)
a.u. of length (Bohr Radius)	a0 = 4pe0h2/mee2 = a/4pR¥	0.529 177 208 3 (19) ´ 10-10 m
a.u. of energy (Hartree Energy)	Eh = e2/4pe0a0 = 2R¥hc = a2mec2 = h2/mea02	4.359 743 81 (34) ´ 10-18 J
a.u. of time	h/Eh	2.418 884 326 500 (18) ´ 10-17 s
a.u. of velocity	a0Eh/h = ac	2.187 691 252 9 (80) ´ 106 m s-1
c/a.u. of velocity	ch/a0Eh = a-1	137.035 989 5 (61)
a.u. of force	Eh/a0	8.238 721 81 (64) ´ 10-8 N
a.u. of momemtum	h/a0	1.992 851 51 (16) ´ 10-24 I (Fritz, N s, kg m s-1)
a.u. of current	eEh/h	6.623 617 53 (26) ´ 10-3 A
a.u. of charge density	ea03	1.081 202 285 (43) ´ 1012 C m-3
a.u. of electric potential	Eh/e	27.211 383 4 (11) V
a.u. of electric field	Eh/ea0	5.142 206 24 (20) ´ 1011 V m-1
a.u. of electric field gradient	Eh/ea02	9.717 361 53 (39) ´ 1021 V m-2
a.u. of electric dipole moment	ea0	8.478 352 67 (33) ´ 10-30 C m
a.u. of electric quadrupole moment	ea02	4.486 551 00 (18) ´ 10-40 C m2
a.u. of polarizability	e2a02/Eh	1.648 777 251 (18) ´ 10-41 C2 m2 J-1
a.u. of first hyperpolarizability	e3a03/Eh2	3.206 361 57 (14) ´ 10-