Energy is Force integrated over Distance, among other things, and comes in many forms, including Potential Energy, Kinetic Energy, Electromagnetic Energy, etc… Energy is measured in units of kilogram - meter ² / second ². The subject Matter of this Website, will primarily concern itself only with stable isotopic states of the various Elements, in the Low Energy (DC to UV Light) regime, typical of the Environment on the surface of the Planet Earth. This Energy range is also typical of the Electronic Excitation Energy of atoms of Elements.

Energy is converted and delivered to the surface of the Planet Earth, in the form of Optical Photons, in copious quantities, by Stars, one in particular, our Sun, which is responsible for all of the Lifeforms on this Planet, including and especially, Me.

Energy is also Equivalent to Mass, E = mc², according to the theory of special (general) relativity, thus, the primary carriers of Energy are the Elements - bosons such as Photons and Phonons, and fermions such as Electrons, Protons and the Ions, which may be utilized to create Light and Heat, through the clever manipulation of Information, derived through the definitive study of Nature. The results are Molecules, Compounds and Units, which convert Energy from one Form to another. The Energy Units, Constants and Equivalence tables are mirrored on most of these Web Pages.

Energy is conserved, but may be converted from one Form to another, with a conversion efficiency approaching, but never actually reaching, Quantum Unit Efficiency, according to the cleverness and ingenuity of the converter, subject to the techniques of Statistical Mechanics, the Laws of Thermodynamics, and, of course, Classical Mechanics and Quantum Mechanics, the combination of which, is known as Condensed Matter Physics. Human Beings are neither clever nor ingenious, according to our current Energy conversion efficiencies. We need to get real clever very quickly. Fortunately, I can also suggest several kinder and gentler Alternatives for your Energy needs, however, lest darkness permanently descend upon the face of the Planet Earth.

Energy is ultimately dissipated as Heat, which may be utilized in situ, by processes of cogeneration, unless, of course, it is accompanied by noxious and poisonous exhaust gas products and toxic waste.

Heat is a very high entropy form of Energy, which implies that the lower entropy form of Energy, Light, transferred by the absorption or emission of Optical Photons within incoherent Electronic transitions, which ultimately cascades down through the Infrared, with the associated emission and absorption of many incoherent Phonons, and is ultimately dissipated as Thermal Energy at the Fermi level, where it can only be recovered with great difficulty. Heat may be obtained and utilized in this manner, however, unless, of course, it is accompanied by noxious and poisonous exhaust gas products and toxic waste.

Obviously, coherent Optical transitions are the preferred method for direct Energy conversion, i.e. - coherent Light, Solar Energy, Electrochemistry, High Temperature Superconductivity, etc.

To learn more about this World, I suggest that Quantum Mechanics is a really great place to start.

Humans breathe in Oxygen, and react it with Sugars and Carbohydrates, to produce Energy Conversion and Carbon Dioxide, in the process of respiration, and Plants absorb the Carbon Dioxide, along with Optical Photons, producing Oxygen, Carbohydrates and Sugars, in the (obviously oversimplified) process of transpiration, which obviously involves Water, Electrons and Optical Photons (Light).

Oxygen is also consumed, and Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapor and Heat are also produced, by Hydrocarbon Combustion, along with many other noxious and poisonous exhaust gas products and toxic waste.

Carbon Dioxide produced in this manner is eventually absorbed by the Oceans, and precipitated out in the form of sedimentary Calcium Carbonate (Limestone) plateaus, such as in the Bahamas. However, Humanity is currently pumping more Carbon Dioxide into the Atmosphere, than the Oceans can absorb, via inefficient methods of Hydrocarbon Combustion for Energy Production, thus, we are creating Global Warming and Global Sea Level Rise through Greenhouse Effects, in addition to defoliating and badly polluting the Planet Earth, and slowly, but surely, exterminating all of the Lifeforms that inhabit it. You can't expect me to stand by and witness one of the greatest mass extinctions of modern times, and say Nothing, can you?

The use of these Hydrocarbons, in the form of Hydrocarbon Fossil Fuel Deposits, as a primary fuel source in infernal combustion engines, is also the primary antagonist to Biological Systems here on the Planet Earth, and their continued use as our primary Energy Conversion Source, is the most important Unsolved Problem now facing Civilization, Humanity and Life on Earth.

On the other hand, Hydrogen is also an ideal Chemical Fuel, Oxidizing directly into Water with no harmful emissions, and then Electrolyzing, (or alternatively, Photolyzing) directly back into Hydrogen and Oxygen, which also obviously involves Water, Electrons and Optical Photons (Light).

Water is an Atmospheric constituent, and a universal Solvent, occuring as Water Vapor in Air, Rainwater on the Land, and Seawater in the Oceans. Pure Water may be produced from these sources by Reverse Osmosis, Distillation (evaporation and condensation) or Electrocatalysis.

The development of Solar, Wind and Water derived Hydrogen, as our primary Energy Conversion Source here on the Planet Earth, as an eventual replacement for fossil derived Hydrocarbon Fuels, is now considered to be the most challenging Scientific and Technical problem confronting Humanity.

This Website is my offering of some Solutions to this extremely difficult and challenging Problem.

I believe Mankind (Humanity, Civilization, the Modern World, etc...) is headed for environmental, ecological and financial disaster on this Planet, unless we begin to understand and appreciate the Rules and Laws of Nature as they have been handed down to us, and immediately begin to act accordingly. Our primary problem now is our continued production, refinement and distribution of Hydrocarbon Fossil Fuels, which thus both fuels and perpetuates the overall degradation and destruction of the Ecosystems and the Environments of the Biosphere of the Planet Earth, which all of the Lifeforms here depend upon for Life.

Hydrocarbons and Hydrocarbon Combustion, are widely exploited by total idiots, and the inevitable results are Environmental Pollution, Ecological Degradation, Global Warming, Global Sea Level Rise, and the inevitable use of herbicides, pesticides, explosives, landmines, bullets, bombs, and the inevitable resulting War, Death and Extinction.

The use of these Hydrocarbons, in the form of Hydrocarbon Fossil Fuel Deposits, as a primary fuel source in infernal combustion engines, is also the primary antagonist to Biological Systems here on the Planet Earth, and their continued use as our primary Energy Conversion Source, is the most important Unsolved Problem now facing Civilization, Humanity and Life on Earth.

The development of Solar, Wind and Water derived Hydrogen, as our primary Energy Conversion Source here on the Planet Earth, as an eventual replacement for fossil derived Hydrocarbon Fuels, is now considered to be the most challenging Scientific and Technical problem confronting Humanity.

To overcome severe limitations of Hydrocarbon Fuel Combustion, and its adverse industrial and environmental effects, we must penetrate into the theoretical physics of Direct Energy Conversion, practice the techniques of Energy Efficiency and Conservation, and we must fill in the gaps with innovative Natural Materials and Alternative Energy. I offer a selection of ideas based upon the well known but little understood phenomena of Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein Quantum Statistical Crossovers (and their effective theories), and for a framework of materials which satisfy the correct physical spectroscopies for both Molecular and Electronic Bose Einstein Condensation and Bipolaronic Superconductivity. I also offer a Spectrum of Practical Solutions to this Problem.

Key Words : High Temperature Superconductivity, High Temperature Superconductors, Metal - Insulator Transition, Boson - Fermion Model, BCS - BOSE Model, Polarons, Bipolarons, Bipolaronic Superconductivity, Electronic Bose - Einstein Condensation, BEC - BCS - BEC Crossover Transition, QED.

I firmly believe that Advanced Chemical Systems will show us the way to a sustainable Solar and Hydrogen Energy Economy. I am also convinced that Rocket Science can help us solve the more Technical Problems associated with such a Scenario. Our failure to acknowledge and solve this outstanding problem, could ultimately lead to death and extinction of Life on the Planet Earth. On the other hand, though, solving this extremely difficult problem could lead directly to a sustainable Space Faring Civilization. This is the ultimate challenge of Science. The choice is yours to make.

This Website is my offering of some Solutions to this extremely difficult and challenging Problem.

It has recently been deduced, that self doped, Octahedrally coordinated, Bismuth (I) Iodide complexes would be metallic, and thus possibly superconducting, demonstrating the Electronic Bose-Einstein Condensation of Bipolarons, i.e. - Bipolaronic Superconductivity.

The calculated low lying Electronic states of the Bismuth (I) Iodide molecule, compared with the Optical and Near Ultraviolet Spectroscopy of the Bismuth (I) Iodide molecule, reveals that there are indeed two bound singlet excited states, at 2.9 eV and 3.1 eV, the 0⁺(III) and 0⁺(IV) states, respectively, which actually do span the enthalpy of dissociation of Water, at 2.97 eV, and even more remarkably, the equilibrium bond lengths of these two states are 2.9 Å and 3.1 Å, respectively. This opens up the possibility of Phonon driven transitions between these two Electronic states, to mediate, and then ultimately stabilize, the condensed and superconducting Bismuth (I) Iodide state.

Table 5. The computed Spectroscopic properties of BiI (the excitation energy, T_e, the equilibrium bond length, r_e, and the vibrational frequency, w_e) together with corresponding experimental data.

Nitrogen sits at the opposite extreme of the Group V column. Whereas Bismuth is clearly a metal, Nitrogen is clearly an insulator, and also forms a unique Hydride, Ammonia, NH₃. Theoretical relationships have been found between metal Ammonia solutions and Bismuth (I) Iodide solutions, and a Boson - Fermion Model of the Metal - Insulator Transition has since been developed.

Alkali metals also have the unique property of being soluble in Ammonia solutions, which display interesting and dramatic Metal - Insulator Transitions, which offer many, but as yet undeveloped, technological applications, including High Temperature Superconductivity. While alkali metals themselves are not superconducting, expanded and intercalated alkali metals very often do display superconducting properties.

Oxygenated alkali metal Ammonia solutions, and Oxygen and Iodine doped Hydrocarbon polymers are also known to be highly unusual High Current conductors.

Alkali Halide salts also have the unusual property of forming Optically Active Color Centers (f-centers, defects states, etc.), when doped with excess ions or defects.