In addition to the usual pressures of habitat loss or degradation, native medicinal herbs are subject to the threat of overharvesting for market. This threat can be expected to increase due to rising prices (reflecting increasing consumer interest in herbs) and a current influx of immigrants willing and able to make a living by wildcrafting.

It is important that we begin to identify and monitor populations of the most threatened medicinals, and develop cultivation as an alternative to wildcrafting. Mountain Gardens is a small (> $5,000/year) seed and nursery business. I attempt to address these concerns in the following ways:

EXPLORATION - I am constantly searching for new (to me) populations / seed collecting locations for the most threatened and least available (as seeds or plants) medicinals. This practice gradually leads to a practical, instinctive ‘feel’ for the species’ ecological preference. For example, wild yam (Dioscorea villosa) is fairly common in our area, but good seed collecting locations (reflecting, presumably, its ‘optimum niche’) are quite rare.

MONITORING - I try to visit these locations twice a year, at flowering and seed harvesting time. In addition to observing the population dynamics (increasing - decreasing), I may do some light pruning to encourage flowering. I also gain valuable information about the species phenology and fruiting cycle. For example, ramps (Allium tricoccum) typically fruits every other year.

REPLANTING - At harvest time, I typically scatter (or actually plant) a percentage of the seeds in nearby areas of suitable habitat. For particularly rare species, I may actually dig excess or threatened seedlings and replant elsewhere in the same area. For example, mature ginseng plants are frequently surrounded by a small colony of seedlings. An unscrupulous collector would exterminate the entire colony, so my practice is to dig the young seedlings and replant, in hidden locations, as I walk along. Chamaelirium (see below) is a rare medicinal sometimes found in association with rhododendron; if I find plants which are obviously being shaded out by rhododendron, I move them to a more favorable location in the same area. Furthermore, having a supply of seed allows me to experiment with establishing species in new locations, for example, St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) uncommon in our area, but sometimes found on roadsides, is a good candidate for some areas of impoverished soil.

SEED SALES - Any effort to reduce overharvesting by promoting cultivation must begin with seeds, but seeds of a number of threatened medicinals are hard to find or simply unavailable commercially. For example, I am, as far as I know, the only person collecting seed of wild yam and false unicorn root. I sell seeds wholesale to a few companies which offer a range of medicinals (Richters, Johnny’s, Horizon) and retail by mail order and, recently, packets in a few local stores. My preference is to serve herb users who wish to grow their own.

EXPERIMENTATION - Mountain Gardens is a botanic garden of useful plants, and I am attempting to grow at least a sample of al of our important native herbs here. This involves developing procedures for seed germination, nursery practice, cultivation and habitat selection and/or modification.

EDUCATION - I conduct workshops on growing medicinal herbs, write articles for local publications, and post information on germination and cultivation at my website (gardens.webjump.com). Mountain Gardens is open to the public as a place where one can observe our native medicinals in garden, naturalized and wild settings.

EXAMPLE - Chamaelirium luteum (fairy wand, devil’s bit, false unicorn root) is an attractive wildflower whose root is considered tonifying to the female reproductive system. Frontier Herbs recently discontinued offering this herb because it is threatened and there are no cultivated sources, but it is available from other dealers at over $50/lb. This species occurs in scattered locations in the NC mountains and piedmont; populations can be abundant in particular locations, but locations are uncommon. The plant has a distinctive, evergreen rosette which allows for easy identification at all times of year. A wildcrafter can easily exterminate an entire population in a few hours, and several of my best locations have met this fate recently. Seed harvesting is difficult as the seeds do not ripen until very late, by which time many of the seed stalks have been knocked down by weather or lost to predators (and, it being dioecious, there are relatively few seed stalks in a population). Non-availability of seed is a primary factor in preventing the development of this species as a cultivated crop; as mentioned, I believe I am the only collector of this seed, and, owing to the loss of several locations, I only harvested one ounce last year. This is my ‘plant of the year’ for 2001, and I will be exploring with the goal of finding at least ten good collecting locations. Any assistance will be greatly appreciated, as will help in finding seed collecting locations for any of the following:

NOTICE - I DO NOT DIG PLANTS FROM THE WILD FOR RESALE - although this can undoubtedly be done conscientiously, and I support those who do so, this is not an aspect of my business).