1. United States Specific Information
• Population Specific Statistics
• Effects And Observations
• General
• Human Health
• Monetary Costs
• Social Costs
• Women: Pregnancies and Teen Pregnancies
• Environment
• General Quality
• Land (lost open space)
• Land (pollution)
• Water
• Air
• Diversity
• Automobile
• Trends -- 30 Years Between 1960 And 1990
• Conservation Is Not Enough
• Memorable Quotes
• Immigration Specific
2. State Specific Information
• Massachusetts
• California
• Florida
• Other States
3. Worldwide Specific Information
• Population Specific Statistics
• Effects And Observations
• General Effects
• Human Health
• Monetary Costs
• Social Costs
• Women: Pregnancies and Teen Pregnancies
• Environmental Quality
• General Quality
• Land
• Water
• Air
• Diversity
• World Refugees
4. Reference Information
• Source Key
• Glossary

United States Specific Information

Population Specific Statistics

• 1994: 4m births, 2.3m deaths, 733k legal immigrants, 84k returns; net increase 2.5m to 261.7m. [USC] 12-31-1994 BG
• 1992: 4.1m births, 2.2m deaths, 900k legal immigrants; net increase (legal) 2.8m. [USC] 5-1993 PC
• Every state grew between 7/1/93 and 7/1/94 except Rhode Island and Connecticut (each lost about 3000 people )[USC] 12-29-1994 BG
• Population doubled in 55 years, 127m in 1935 to 256m in 1990. 4-1991 USC
• US population up by almost 300% since 1900, world population up by 400% since 1900 9-1994 HMA
• At present growth rate of 1.1%, US will double to 520m within 60 years. Growth rate is double that of the developed world and faster than many developing countries such as Korea, Fiji, Uruguay and Albania. 12-1994 CCN
• Fertility Rate (births per woman) is 2.1, was 1.7 in 1976, 1.8 in 1980. 2-1992 PC
• World's fastest growing industrial nation (except Ireland, Iceland), 3rd largest nation, 13th fastest growing. 4-1992 PC
• Population increasing by over (not including illegal immigration) 2.7 million per year, 5 per minute, 308 per hour, 7400 per day, 52,000 per week, of a Massachusetts each year, a New Jersey every three years, a California per decade. 4-1992 PC
• 80% of US population live in urban areas; metro areas growth rate is twice non-metro areas. 2-1993 PC
• Population growth in flood plain areas was 1.5-2.5% during the 1970s, double that of country as a whole. 4-1994 PC
• School enrollment up 6m in 10 years. 1980-93: kindergarten enrollment up 22%.
• By 2025: school population will be up to 58m from 49 million children, up 18%. 3-3-1995 NW
• Number of children under age 14 will grow from 50 to 55m by the year 2000 8-11-1993 BG
• 29.9% of women aged 18-34 expect to have at least three children. 34.4% of currently married women expect to have at least three children [USC] 7-1992 NPG
• A baby boom bigger than that after WW2, 4.3m births/year, is predicted in 2012 and thereabouts. 4-1994 PC

Year:   1830    1930    1960    1975    1987    1997    2020    2050    (comparison
Pop:    13m     123m    180m    220m    243m    268m    329m    383-500m  with world) [USC] 3-1993 CCN
Year:   1830    1855    1882    1919    1971    2039
Pop:    13m     26m     52m     104m    208m    416m            (doubling)             4-1991

Effects And Observations

General Effects

US PER DAY                                      US PER DAY PER AMERICAN (/260m)
377b    gallons of water                        1450 gallons    12-1994 CCN
39b     gallons of water (household)            150  gallons    4-1991

498m    pounds of paper consumed                1.9  pounds (double per capita of 1960) 1-1996 EDF
1.1b    pounds of trash  (and still growing)    4.3  pounds     5-1993 CCN
858m    pounds of food                          3.3  pounds
338m    pounds of pollutants (household)        1.3  pounds
3.9b    pounds of fossil fuel                   15   pounds
1.43b   pounds of toxic waste (total)           5.5  pounds     6-1991 ZPG
30b     pounds of greenhouse gases              115 pounds      3-1994usnc
49.3m   disposable diapers discarded            0.2 diapers     7-1994 CCN
603k    auto tires discarded                                    7-1994 CCN
7.4m    batteries                                               10-1994FotE
501k    razors                                                  10-1994FotE
959k    cans of spray paint                                     10-1994FotE

• Without a "conservation program", we will run out of the 7.6m 800 telephone numbers by 1996. 1-12-1995 BG
• Prospects of prosperity frequently result in people having more children than otherwise. 5-1994 CCN
• Personal computers consume 115 billion sheets of paper per year. 10-1994vs
• One production run of the Sunday New York Times costs 75,000 trees. 11 90 PC
• "To combat pet over-population, Humane Society calls for one-year ban on breeding" 8-26-1993mmc
• Worldwide air passenger traffic rose 8% in 1994 to over 2b. 8 of 10 busiest airports were US. 3-27-1995 BG
• US airlines carried 423m domestic passengers in 1990, up 67% from 1978. 5-1991cr
• An original rep. represented 30k people, now it's 600k people. A 20 fold decrease in individual rep. 6-1995
• Average PAC money to a new US representative, first 6 months of 1993: $34,731; 1995 (Repub.): $58,582. [CommonCause] 11-19-1995 BG
• In 1994, average senate campaign cost $4.4m. The two parties took in $84m in "soft money" donations. Fall 1995 NRDC
• In 1990: Business PACs outspent liberal and labor PACs by 7 to 1; In 1970: approximately equal. 1-17-1995 BG
• Money to Political Action Committees doubled in last 10 years. [Common Cause] 5-1991
• The NRA has 3.4m members, the Christian Coaltion claims 1.5m. (pop/env groups must unify). 5-11-1995 BG
• 74% of Americans support international family planning assistance. 2-1995pi
• 74% of Americans are dissatisfied with the way things are going in this country. [4/95] 11-12-1995 BG
• 82% of Americans feel environmental protection laws need to be stricter. 4-1995 PC
• Americans, by a ratio of 7 to 1, feel the country is already suffering from overpop. [1992 roper poll]
• 67% of Americans support health coverage which includes reproductive and abortion services. 11-1993 PC
• 89% favor sex ed in school; <5% with the option remove their children from such programs. [naral] 12-1995
• 79-85% of US Catholics feel couples should follow their consciences on contraception and abortion. 10-1-1995 BG

Effects -- Human Health

• 1991-1994: Americans reporting sleep difficulty went from 36 to 49% [Gallup Poll, Atlanta Journal] 12 6-1995
• Small particulates in the air (largely from radial tires) may be responsible for 150k deaths per year. 11-1995sc
• From 1992-94: 36m people got water from systems violating EPA standards; 80m drank from systems not in compliance with monitoring and reporting rules. Thus, 1/6 of US population drank sometimes polluted water and another third drank water of questionable quality. 8-1995sc
• 41m people are not covered by health insurance. 8-27-1995 BG
• 1m get sick and 900 die each year from drinking contaminated tap water. Spring 1995sc
• 10% of public water supply wells contains at least one pesticide. [epa] Winter 1995 NRDC
• Infant mortality (1992) reached all time low of 8.5 per 1000 live births, was 8.9 in 1991. 12-16-1994 BG
• Life Expectancy in 1900: 47 years; in 1991: 75.5; in 1992: 75.8 12-16-1994 BG
• As many as 100 water treatment plants have filtration problems putting 21m people at risk [cdc]. 3-1994 PEB
• In 1988, 6250 of 15,600 US water treatment facilities reported quality or public health problems. 2-1993 PC
• 80% of fruit contained pesticide residues after thorough cleaning [Environmental Working Group] 5-20-1994 BG
• Sperm counts have dropped by 50% and testicular cancer has tripled since 1938... 3-21-1994 NW
• ...because of industrial and agricultural chemicals with hormone altering properties. 4-1994 PC
• Mercury, considered 2nd to dioxin, has tripled in environmental concentration over the last century. 1-27-1995 BG
• Since 1945, synthetic pesticide use is up 33 fold (yet crop losses to pest continue to increase). 3-1994 CCN
• 24.1% of population live in areas where air pollution sometimes exceeds federal standards. [ala] 4-28-1995 BG
• Air pollution, even in areas meeting federal standards, can shorten peoples lives by 2 years. 1-1994 CCN
• 66% of Americans are at risk for respiratory problems because of air pollution [American Lung Association] 4-30-1993 BG
• Air pollution of all kinds may cost $40 billion annually in health care and lost productivity. 10-1994vs
• 10m people have asthma with direct and indirect costs of over $6b. 5 3-93 BG
• Hospital admissions for asthma attacks among children doubled between 1973 and 1987 10-1991 PC
• Leading killers: 12-16-1994 BG
1. heart disease
2. cancer
3. stroke
4. lung disease
5. accidents
6. pneumonia and influenza
7. diabetes
8. AIDS
9. suicide
10. homicide
• Ozone depletion will result in 12m skin cancers and cataract and immune system problems in next 50 years [epa]. 2-4-1992 BG
• 1 of 8 American families is undernourished. US ranks 20th in overall infant mortality, behind Singapore and Hong Kong [unicef] 5-1993 PC

Effects -- Monetary Costs

• Only 1% ($13.5b) of federal budget goes to foreign aid. Only $6.5b of that goes to humanitarian and development projects (USAID), rest goes to economic and military programs. 11,12-1995 PC
• USAID provides 50m couples with family planning services resulting in drop in FR from 6.1 (mid 60s) to 4.2. 11,12-1995 PC
• US National Debt is $4.85 trillion, about $18,650 per person. [Bureau of Public Dept, US Treas.] 5-4-1995 BG
• Cleanup of radioactive waste from nuclear weapons production will cost $230-$350b for 80 facilities in 30 states over 40+ years. 4-4-1995 BG
• The environmental technology industry is $133b and 150k jobs. [Center for Env Ind and Tech.] 4-1995
• The environmental industry is $100-170b. Provides 4m jobs or 3% of total employment (1992). Winter 1995 NRDC
• Over 80% of 37,000 couples undergoing fertility treatments failed in 1992; total cost $2b. 11-27-1994 BG
• A new house costs $6k in tax money, assuming a school construction cost of $15k/pupil and a house having 0.4 school-age children. 10-1994 CCN
• Medicaid covers 25% of US children, pays for 33% of births, finances > 50% of nursing-home care. 12-18-1995time
• Cost of raising a child through age 17: low income $171k, middle income $231k, high income 335k 12-15-1994usat
• Requests for government assistance from the Jan 17 LA earthquake will top 500k (#1 was 304k for Hurricane Hugo); approved aid is already over $1.4b. 4-2-1994 BG
• US incarceration rate is 5 times most indus nations. 1.3m inmates cost $26.8b/year. 2-1995fm
• Crime: law enforcement costs per year: $85b public, $65b private; urban decay costs $100b 1-21-1994nbc
• Columbia River salmon run is down from 15m to 300k; has cost 60k jobs and $1b in yearly income. Winter 1995 NRDC
• One Bluefin tuna can now bring $30,000 from seafood brokers. 10-1994nas
• New Eng ground fish (haddock, cod...) catch down 50% and cost $1b and 14k jobs since 1977 1-1994 EDF
• Farm and open space requires $.33, residential development $1.12 per $1.00 of taxes collected. 11-1993 CCN
• 77% of single teen mothers will require public assistance within 5 years of the birth of 1st child. 4-1994 PC
• The public cost of supporting families begun by teens is estimated to be $30b/year. 4-1994 PC
• $212b in tax money spent in 1989 to maintain families begun by teenagers. 5-1993 PC
• A healthy (MA) teen pregnancy can cost the state over $15,000 in the child's first year. 4-21-1992 BG
• For every 2 cents spent in the south on programs to prevent teen pregnancy, taxpayers spent $1 supporting high-school aged mothers and their children. 5-1993 CCN
• $4.40 is saved for each $1 spent on family planning services, saving $1.8b in 1994. Cost: 75"/yr/taxpayer. 12-1995pp
• We spend only $500m/year, < the price of a B-2 bomber, on publicly funding contraceptive services. 4-1994 PC
• Family planning services received $140m in 1991, $379m in 1981; this is the only source of birth control for 5m impoverished American women, including =m teenagers. 10-27-1991 BG
• In past 60 years, the amount we each spend on transportation has increased 600% in real $. [Jerome Segal] Fall 1995
• Estimated cost to clean up hazardous waste sites: $750b = 3/4 of 1990 US federal budget. 2-1993 PC
• Cities and towns need $4-500b to pay for federally mandated water and sewer projects over the next two decades. New drinking water requirements will add many smaller communities too. 12-8-1992 BG
• Cost of having a baby up 25% between 1986-89; $4334 vaginal, $7186 Cesarean. 6-1991
• From 1988-91 median household net worth dropped 12% to $36,623 from $41,478. [USC] 4-1994 CCN
• Consumer installment loans are $1t, doubled in ten years. Average household credit card debt is $3900. 11-27-1995time
• Middle class households spend 23% of income on debt payments -- well over historical norms. 5-2-1994 NW
• From 1980-90, 44% lost real income despite a boom [National Commission for Employment Policy] 3-12-1995 BG
• Average family income in 1990 dollars (356% inflation) [USC]: all families: 1990: $35,353;1969: $33,594 2-earner families only: 1990: $42,142; 1969: $37,689 3-1-1992 BG
• US. savings rate is 4.1%, was 8.7% in early 1970s. [Dept. of Commerce] 12-1-1991 BG
• 1.1m imprisoned in 1990, up 6.8% in 1 yr, costing $20.3b/year; rate of 455 per 100k is world's highest. 2-11-1992 BG

Effects -- Social Costs

• Corporate profit rates hit a 25 year high in 1994 (near the 40 year record). [Economic Policy Inst.] 9-3-1995 BG
• Average overall compensation for private industry (in 1995 $) down from $18.09 in 1987 to 17.10 in 1995.
• Average hourly wages fell from $13.25 to 12.25 in the same period. [Bureau of Labor Stat.] 9-3-1995 BG
• Top 20% of households get 55% of after tax income, top 1% own 40% of nation's wealth [oecd]. 4-24-1995 BG
• Worldwide, employment has consistently trailed economic growth for the last 30 years. [undp]
• The current US recovery has produced 3.9m fewer jobs than equivalent past recoveries. 6-1994un
• Since 1973, US trade has doubled but pay has fallen 18%. In last 10 years, the number of young men working full time and earning only a poverty level wage has doubled. Winter 1994clf
• Children in small families do better in school (regardless of race, class and socioecon. standing). 8-21-1995 NW
• 1 in 5 full-time workers is poor; 22m of 38m on welfare live in household where a person does work. 11-27-1995 BG
• Real wages have stagnated or declined since 1972. 1980: 70% of children health covered, now 55% 11-27-1995 BG
• Number of Americans living in poverty exceeded 39m (15.1%) in 1993, most since 1961 [USC] 10-7-1994 BG
• Families with children headed by a single parent- 1970: 13%, 1980: 22%, 1990: 28%, 1994: 31%. 10-16-1995 USC
• 1% of taxpayers (660k families) earned 60% of all after-tax income gains in the 80s. [cong study] 3-16-1992 NW
• 23-27m Americans are illiterate, another 40m are marginally literate. 9 94 HMA
• Nearly half of all poor children under 6 live in families begun with a teen pregnancy. 4-21-1992 BG
• A record 6m children under 6 (26%) live in poverty; up by 1m between 1987 and 1992. 1-30-1995 BG
• 67% of single women supporting children live in poverty. [USC] 2-6-1994 BG
• Average population of worst 50 metro areas in environmental stress is seven times higher than 50 best areas 5-1993 PC
• Average population of low stress city is less than 1/3 that of a high stress city. [zpg 200 city stress index] 4-1991 PC
• In past 4 years we have 11 college grads for each new full-time job created. 5-23-1993 BG
• 1993: 1m college grads, .5m associate degrees grads, 2.5m high-school grads. 5-23-1993 BG
• 60k adoptions per year (includes 10k from other countries). 5-1991 NW
• Each week: 1725 more prison beds are needed, or 3 prisons per week at $300m each = $46.8b/year. 12-6-1995 BG
• In year ended 6/30/95: Population in federal prisons up 6.1% to 99,466; in state prisons up 9.1% to 1.0m.
• 1.6m (include .5m in city and county jails) are in prison, .61% of population, triple the number in 1980. 12-4-1995usat
• 5.1m, 2.7% of adults, are locked up or under legal supervision at the end of 1994. 75% are on probation or parole. 8-28-1995 BG
• 1994 population of local jails: 490,442, double that of 10 years earlier. Total incarcerated: 1.5million. 5-1-1995 BG
• State prison population has more than doubled in the last 10 years (1970=180k, 1980=290k, 1990=660k) 6-14-1993 NW
• 11.8% of surveyed students, grades 9-12, carried a weapon on campus in the previous month. 3-31-1995 BG
• Someone is murdered, raped, assaulted or robbed every 16 seconds = 2m violent crimes/year. 1-8-1995 BG
• In 1994, 1.5 million automobiles were stolen. 12-1995
• 1m teens/year are victims of violent crimes. 1985-91: youth arrests for violent crime up by 50%;
• 1983-92: youth arrests for murder up 128% [fbi, Parade Mag.] 1-8-1995 BG
• 1994:300 police suicides; 157 killed (rec. 162 in 1995), 150 were prevented by bullet-resistent vests. 5-7-1995 BG
• Violent crimes rose 5.6% in 1993, continuing a 7-year upward trend [Justice Dept, USA Today]. 10 31-1994
• U.S. has 70 murders per day, 100 auto deaths per day. 4-1994
• On death row: 1981 794, 82 1009, 84 1351, 86 1684, 88 2021, 90 2347, 92 2616, 1994 2802 4-11-1994 NW
• By the end of 1994, there will be 3000 people on death row, the largest in any nation in history. 3-7-1994 NW

Effects -- Women: Pregnancies and Teen Pregnancies

• Each year: 3m crisis pregnancies, 1.5m abortions, 1m teen pregnancies, 12m get a sexually transmitted disease (STD). [Naral] 12-1995
• 57% or 3.5m of 6m pregnancies/year are unintended (up to 3.5 times other Western democracies), half of those (1.6m) are aborted (up to 4 times). 4-28-1995 BG
• Unintended pregnancies: 57% overall; 82% for teens, 56% age 35-39, 77% over age 40. 5-2-1995usat
• 30.5% of babies are born out of wedlock, world's highest (22% for whites, 68% for blacks) 12-12-1994 NW
• 67/49 and 17/10 = percent of black children born out of wedlock 1992/1982 and percent of white children. 11-29-1993 BG
• (Only) 418m condoms are bought each year, 25% by women. 2-10-1992 NW
• Births to mothers age 15-17 by age of father: 51% > 20, 30%: 18-19; 20% < 18. 8-1995agi
• Teen (15-19) BR: 1993: 59.6, 1986: 50.2 (low point), 1973:59.3. Down 4% from 1991-93. [cdc] 9-22-1995 BG
• Highest teen pregnancy, abortion and birth rate of any industrialized nation, 43% of females will become pregnant before age 20, a teen has a baby every 67 seconds. 3-1994usnc
• Holland, with extensive sex-ed, has teen pregnancy and abortion rates 10% of US (lowest of any industrialized nation). In US, 65% of teens are sexually active; in Holland 57% [Dateline NBC]. 12-30-1994nbc
• Abortion providers 1982:2908, 1992: 2380; reasons: acceptance of illegal birth and clinic violence [agi] 1-9-1995 BG
• Nearly 4m women are physically abused every year. [1994 State Dept. report on status of women] 11,12-1995 PC
• 24% of women have had a child out of wedlock (15% in 1982) [USC] 7-15-1993 BG
• 46% of American women will have an abortion in their lifetimes [Feminist Majority Foundation, 1990] 11-1993 CCN
• Unwanted births among women up 34% from 1982-88, 100% for poor. 12-1991 PC
• 48% of single women with no high school education have at least one child [USC] 7-15-1993 BG
• 10% of adolescent girls become pregnant: half give birth, 13% miscarry or stillborn, 37% aborted. 1-1991
• 30% of teens who become pregnant have a repeat pregnancy within 2 years. 4-1994 PC
• Birthrate dropped 2% for 15-17 year old girls in 1992 after 25% gain between 1986-1991. 2-1995 PC
• 72% of 12th graders and 40% of 9th graders have had sex; climbing steadily since 1970s [cdc]. 1-6-1992 BG
• 364,587 first births to teens, 10,000 were under age 14. 88
• Teen males report having, on average, intercourse 3 times in the last 4 weeks. [agi] 10-22-1991 BG
• Teens receive 14k instances/year of TV sex, only 165 are linked to education or contraceptive info. 5-1993 PC
• 35 studies showed sex ed delayed start of sexual activity, other 19 showed no negatives [who] 2-1995 PC
• 68% say schools should provide condoms (25% of that group say "with permission")[Gallop Poll] 8-28-1992 BG
• Since 1991, 5 states have prohibited, restricted or discouraged comprehensive sex educ. [naral]. Winter 1995-1996caps
• 1980: 3 states and DC require sex education. 1991: 21 states (33 require AIDS education). 5-1991 NW
• Number of US drug companies doing contraceptive research went from 9 to 1 from 1970 -87. 6-1993 PC

Environmental Effects

General Quality

• Plans call for 400 additonal Wal-Marts and 100 more Sam's Club stores in New England in 10 years. 12-4-1994 BG
• 8 out of 10 voters say protecting the environment is generally more important than holding down prices. 1993nrmf
• Yellowstone National Park: Over 1000 snowmobiles/day on some weekends.
• Winter 1994 (12 93-3 94) saw 10 times the number of visitors (143,523) as 10 years earlier. 2-1995nas
• From 1982-92, national park visitors up by 30m to 275m, approximates population increase [ws in Appalachian Mountain Club] 9-1992amc
• 19,762 manufacturing facilities dumped 6.2b pounds of toxic waste in air, water and land in 1988 [epa]. 8-1991mmc
• A 60 foot tree from a national forest costs the logging company about a dollar. 4 30-1993pbs
• From 1950 through late 80s (latest figures), population and wood consumption both up two-thirds. 9-1994 HMA
• For 3 centuries, US. was self-sufficient in wood; since 1940, we are a net importer and gap is widening, we cut more than any other nation and more than ever before, we consume 13% more wood and 30% more lumber than we produce. 11-1990npg
• Cities lost 4 trees for each 1 planted between 1975 and 1985 [Global Releaf] 8-1993sc
• Average life of a tree planted along a city street: 10 years. 5-12-1991 BG
• Each of us receives 17 trees worth of unwanted mail each year ( 2.7b trees/year). [ea] 12-1993 CCN
• Over 2 million acres of prime cropland are lost to erosion, salinization and waterlogging per year. 12-1994 CCN
• 3b tons of topsoil wash away per year -- 20-30 times faster than natural formation rate.
• Oil based fertilizer makes up difference. 5-1995 PEB

Land (lost open space)

• Public cost to maintain developed land is $2500-3200/acre/year; undeveloped land is $75/acre/year. 9-1995 CCN
• 90% of beef imported by the US comes from Central and South America, most for fast food hamburgers. 2-1995 PC
• Sea level will likely rise by about 2 feet in next century, submerging 10k square miles of US coastline [epa] 10-25-1995 BG
• "Economics, demographics boost demand for vacation homes" (population age 30-49 up from 54 to 80m since 1980). 11-4-1994usat
• Average wood-framed house uses 11k board feet of lumber (= Empire State + World Trade buildings). 3-3-1996 BG
• Since 1909: US lost 55m acres of forests (New Eng has gained 6.5m acres, but now losing) 11-13-1995 BG
• US has the fewest farms (1.9m) since 1850. Lost 20m acres between 1987 and 1992. [USC] 2-1995 CCN
• US is losing over 7000 acres of farmland per day or 1.5m acres per year [Am.Farmland Trust]. 4-1994 CCN
• US is losing over 213 acres of forest/day; 105 acres are old growth, all gone in 15 years. 11 90 years: 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s Total Million acres gone m acres: 26m 35m 47m 59m 167m from rural to urban 4-1991
• The number of houses in the North Woods of Maine increased by nearly 25% from 1980-90. 7-1994 CCN
• Commercial development destroys 300,000 acres of wetlands per year. 10 94sc
• A "forwarder" carries 50 tree trunks in 1 trip. It replaces 15 men and can clear 2 acres per day. 12-14-1992 BG

Land (pollution)

• 1500 pounds of solid waste per year are generated per person, little of which can be recycled. 10-1994 PEB
• The number of spent fuel rods in temporary storage went from 55 tons to 18,000 tons from 1970 to 1988. 9-1994 HMA
• 2m tons of radioactive uranium tailings have been dumped on Native American lands. Spring 1994 NRDC
• Each American generates 52 tons of garbage and consumes 43m gallons of water over a lifetime. 2-1994 PC
• Even state-of-the-art landfills leak eventually, resulting in contamination. [epa] 2-1994cr
• 2nd largest man-made structure (#1: The Great Wall) is a garbage landfill in Staten Island, NY. 7-1992
• 70% of landfills have been closed since late 1970s, 1/3 of remaining will be full by 1995. 4-1991 PEB
• US has 25m acres of turf grass = Pennsylvania; Homeowners use 10 times more chemical pesticides/acre than do farmers [Lawn Institute] 6-21-1993 NW
• Over 2b pounds of agrichemicals are used in the US per year (including over 1b of pesticides). Spring 1995 NRDC
• Over 500 species of insects and 70 species of fungi have developed resistance to pesticides. 11-1993 CCN
• 2.5b household batteries disposed per year contain 40m pounds of heavy metals. [USA Weekend] 5-1991
• Found by 107k volunteers over 3 hrs on beaches in 26 states: 3738 syringes, =m butts, 10 sinks 6-4-1991 BG
• Typical refinery: 99.7% of crude is turned into product. 0.3% = 10k gallons of oil waste released/day. 1-1994 EDF
• Petroleum is leaking from more than 200k of 800k aboveground storage tanks 5-1993 EDF
• US. generates 1.35b gallons of lubricating (mostly auto) oil per year, of this: 260m gallons are dumped = 20 Exxon Valdez's, 750m gallons are burned, releasing 600k pounds of lead into the air. 11-19-1991bg 177m gallons end up in landfills; all likely to leak. (1 qt can foul thousands of gallons of drinking water) [Auto Information Council] 7-1992 PC
• 1991-92: golf courses opened at the rate of almost 1 per day; average pesticide use per acre is over three times that needed by intensive agricultural business such as corn and soybeans 8-1993sc
• US has 425,000 hazardous waste sites [gao] 8-22-1993nbc
• 1200 priority hazardous waste sites identified, only 54 ever cleaned up, expect 2000 by year 2000.
• Average cleanup cost $25m., Cleaning all sites could take 30-60 years and cost $500b 7-1991epa

Water (also see Worldwide Information)

• Polluters legally dumped 7m gallons of oil (2/3 of Valdez), 89k pounds of lead, 1900 pounds of PCBs and 1000 pounds of mercury into the Great Lakes in 1990. 3-1994 PEB
• 21% (1508) of 7185 major industrial and public waste treatment plants chronically violate Clean Water Act; another 19% occasionally violate the act [us pirg, us epa corroborated] 5-28-1993 BG
• 90% of US waterways have been dammed, detoured, drained or otherwise altered. 9-1995 PEB
• 3.2b gallons (8x Mississippi flow) more aquifer water is removed each day than replaced. 10-1994 PEB
• San Diego CA, and Tampa FL have approved projects that will recycle treated sewage. 10-1994 PC
• 50% of US lakes are unfit for fishing or swimming. Spring 1995sc
• 40% of US waterways are polluted. 4-22-1994 BG
• 35% of US sewage ends up in marine waters 4-1993sc
• 65% of water pollutants originate in the home and make-up the bulk of ocean pollution.
• 80-90% of toxic loadings in the Great Lakes come from non-point (atmosphere, runoff...) sources; thus, $3b/year on pollution control equipment will reduce toxins by only 5 percent. Winter 1994 NRDC
• 150k gallons of water are needed to make 1 foot of snow for skiing over 1 acre. 3-22-1992 BG
• 28% of US irrigated farm areas suffer from salinization. 10-1994vs
• 35 states are removing groundwater faster than it is being replenished. 3-1994 PEB
• 39 states have groundwater containing pesticides [epa 1988]. 1991sow
• Groundwater use is 25% above natural replenishment in the midwest farm belt.

Air (also see Worldwide Information)

• Our 89m lawn and garden equip produce 10% of air pollution (= from lawn mowers) [epa] 5-5-1994 BG
• Nearly 3000 tons of man launched metal debris, including small nuclear reactors, orbit the Earth. 4-1994nas
• US has 171 industrial furnaces with temporary permits plus 184 incinerators. 5-19-1993 BG
• In Eastern national parks, average visual range is 20mi, only 1/5 natural range (100mi common 40years ago)[nrc] 8-1993amc
• Pump aerosols lose 95% of their contents to the atmosphere. 8-1993 CCN
• One open gallon of oil paint can release 3.5 pounds of Volatile Organic Compounds into the air. 12-1993 CCN

Diversity (also see Worldwide Information)

• 1.5% of known species have become extinct, mostly during the last 100 years. [E.O. Wilson] 1,2-1996nas
• 22% of higher species (approximately 100,000) are endangered, threatened, or rare. [E.O. Wilson] 1,2-1996nas
• Of the 962 species of plants and animals listed as endangered or threatened, only 11 have been fully removed from the list and between 7 and 21 have been lost. (Endangered Species Act not enough). 1,2-1996sc
• 700 species of plants and animals are endangerd or threatened. 9000 are at risk, 500 are extinct. 10-1994 PEB
• Of 20k plants native to the US, 4200 are threatened with extinction; 750 could go in next decade. Spring 1994 NRDC
• 1990 US endangered or threatened species list: 38% declining in number, 31% stable, 10% improving, 2% gone extinct, 19% unknown [nrdc] 12-1992nc
• 40% of American bat species are threatened or endangered [Bat Conservation International]. 8-1-1995usat
• = of once vibrant habitat in the contiguous 48 states has declined to endangerment. [Nat Biol Svc]
• 30 ecosystems have lost over 98% of their area and are considered critically endangered. 8-1995 PC
• Trees in the largest Eastern US forests are dying at 3x the normal rate, likely from air pollution. 10-1994 CCN
• We can now measure toxins in the body fat of Antarctica penguins (human effect on food chain). 4-1994 PC
• Chesapeake Bay is now down to less than 1% of its original oyster population [UMaryland, 1989] 12-1994 PEB
• 67 of 236 tracked fish species are being dangerously overfished (harvested faster than they reproduce), while 61 others are being fished to the limit [National Marine Fisheries Service]. 4-17-1994 BG
• 1/3 of US shellfish beds have been closed because of water pollution 4 93sc
• 1895: 10-16m salmon returned yearly to spawn in the Columbia River and tributaries; 1995: 2.5m. 8-1995 EDF
• 9 of 10 major salmon species are in danger of extinction across the Pacific Northwest. 9-1994 CCN
• 65% of 3900 square miles of the Everglades has been drained or diverted; lost 93% of wading birds since 1930s. 3-1994 PEB
• Only half of US wetlands and 5-10% of old growth timber now remains. 4-91 PEB
• Biologists estimate that as many as 5m small mammals die per year in discarded beer bottles. 11-1991mas

Effects -- Automobile

• 25% ($1.6t, $4000/person) of GDP is spent on ground transportation > $spent on education or health. Spring 1995 NRDC
• A typical US car requires over 50 times its weight in water to produce. 2-1995mas
• 70% of metropolitan rush hour traffic is now stop-and-go, up 30% since 1983. 4-1994sc
• 30k deaths/year are caused by motor vehicle emissions. 10-1993 CCN
• Health care costs of this "excess pollution" are $8.4b/yr (not including "future costs"). 4-1994sc
• Cars and light duty trucks account for one-fifth of CO2 emissions. 12-1992 PC
• 101 (mostly metro) areas fail EPA pollution standards, 2-1991
• 20 minutes worth of scrapped cars would form a stack as tall as the Empire State Building 9-4-1993mmc
• Over last 20 years: number of cars up 76% (from 147m to 190m), number of miles up 60%, 40% more fuel 4-1991peb.
• Average fuel economy of new cars has dropped each year since 1988, now at 27.5m/g (=1984) 12-1992 PC
• Average car: Uses 500 gallons of gas per year = 70b gallons total. 5-1991clf
• Produces 60 tons of greenhouse gases over its lifetime. Cars use 63% of our gasoline. 6-1991 PC
• An average mile of US roads handles 30% more trips than in 1980. 6-24-1991 NW
• Traffic jams cause 2b hours of delay costing $41b in time, gas, insurance. 1-1991
• Paved roads take up 65k square miles of US. We add 2k square miles of pavement (1.3m acres = Delaware) per year. 10-1994 PC
• Due to population growth, even with 20% added to freeway capacity by 2005, congestion will triple. [clf]. 12-1993 PC
• By 2010: Traffic will increase over 400% on freeways, 200% on non-freeways, 100% on local roads
• Areas of under 1m will have congestion increase over 1000%. CA average highway speed: 11 mph. 11-1990 PC

Trends -- 30 Years Between 1960 And 1990

• Population up 38%, 180m to 250m; GDP up 148%; energy use up 82% even with more efficiency 10-1995 CCN
• Government spending up 547% (to $787b), violent crime up 560%, illegitimate births up 400%, divorce rates up 400%, kids in single-parent homes up 300%, teen suicide up 200%, SAT scores down 80 points [Index of Leading Economic Indicators, Heritage Foundation] 11-1994 CCN
• Municipal solid waste more than doubled (from 90 to 195 million tons). 2-1994cr
• Number of linear road miles up 10%, vehicles on roads up 150% 9-1994 HMA
• From 1981-1995: Federal drug budget $1.5b to $14b ($250b spent including local and state), yet use is up. 4-16-1995 BG
• From 1975-1995: percent of working families below the poverty line ($15,141 for family of 4) 7.5 to 11.5%. 11-27-1995 BG
• From 1987-1994 US/MA population without health insurance: 12.9% / 6.3% (368k) - 15.2% / 12.5% (752k)-11/8/95 BG
• From 1980-1994 prisoners in state and federal institutions went from 1 in 450 to 1 in every 175. 1-15-1995time
• From 1970-1994: 15m acres of land have been covered by houses, highways and buildings. spr-1995ws
• Total energy use up 1/3; domestic fuel use up 40%; number of motor vehicles up 100%. 2-1995 PC
• Wealthiest 5% earned 15% of total household income, now 20% (thus 5m over $104,639/year). 1-29-1996time
• From 1965-1994 murder victims per 100,000 went from 5.1 to 9. 1-15-1995time
• From 1989-1993: Median family income fell by over 7% (adj for inflation), is still below 1979 levels. 1,2-1996 CCN
• From 1968-1993: bottom 20% of pop: share of national household income fell from 4.2% to 3.6%. 9-1995 CCN
• From 1985-1995: Number of adults behind bars has tripled to 1.6m. 12-4-1995usat
• From 1974-1994: Number of children living in poverty has grown 76%. [Tufts University] 9-1994
• Real earnings of bottom fifth of Americans down 24%, top fifth up 10% [wsj] 8-1995npg
• From 1960-1994: guns have claimed the lives of 2497 police. 12-31-1994 BG
• Paper consumption has gone from 63 to 182b pounds per year; 350 to 700 pounds per capita. 1-1996 EDF
• From 1968-1992: Cost of political campaigns has gone from $300m to $3.2b. [Commerce Dept] 8-28-1995 NW
• 1969: top 20% of households received 7.5 times the income of bottom 20%; 1992: 11 times. 5-1-1995 NW
• From 1982-1991: Fishing effort off the New England coast rose 13%, total catch declined 43%. 9-1995 PEB
• From 1960-1988: Teen suicide rate (age 15-19) tripled from 3.6 to 11.3 per 100k, Births to unwed mothers rose from 5 to 26% of all births, Divorce rate more than doubled, Children in one-parent families up from 5.5 to 14.2%. [National Bureau of Economic Research] 2-3-1992 NW
• From 1969-1990: household vehicles doubled from 72.5m to 165.2m; from 1.15 to 1.77 vehicles/household. 12-1994 CCN
• From 1970-1990: 55.7% of population growth was natural increase, 44.3% was due to immigration. 1-1995 CCN
• 1970-99 will directly add 27m immigrants (not including their children, about 11% of births). 5-1995 CCN
• 1990-99 US is expected to increase by well over 20m = 80m tons of trash (over the 10 years) = 10 ton truck convoy over 70,000 miles long, 3 times circumference of the earth. 11 90

Conservation Is Not Enough

• The United States creates approximately 80% of the world's waste. 12-1994 PC
• To provide for expanding population (.8%), 5.6m kilowatts at $18b needed per year. 9-1994 HMA
• A US child consumes 30-40 times the natural resources of a child in the developing world. 2-1994 PC
• "Despite 20 years of federally mandated auto-emission controls, tailpipe pollution has continued to rise because there are more cars and thus more traffic on the road". 6-1994nas
• Per capita consumption is up 45%, quality of life index is down by 51% over 20 years 4-1994 CCN
• 1990 per capita garbage = 4.1 pounds/day; 1960 = 1.6 pounds less with 100m fewer people 5-1993 CCN
• Even if industrial nations cut CO2 emissions by 65%, in 30 years increasing population will create a net increase of 300%. 9-1991sc
• Growth rate of CO2 to world population over last 25 years correlate to 99.89%. 1994pci
• Total energy use has increased an average of 1.1% (oil 1%) each year since 1970 (same rate as population). 3-1993 CCN
• 93% of US energy use increase (22%) since 1970 can be attributed to population growth. [Prof. John Holden, Chair, Energy and Resource Group, U.Calif. Berkeley.] 9-1991 PEB
• 43% lower per cap. energy use by 2030 poss, but expect 12% total increase due to added pop. 9-1991 PEB
• Humans have increased in numbers by 50% over 20 years ago. We now take twice the energy and material and deposit twice the pollution and waste. [Donella Meadows interview] 12-1992 PC
• Better economic conditions can cause increase in fertility (eg 1950s) [Virginia Abernethy]. 12-1993 CCN
• United States, with 5 percent of world population:
• Produces 72% of all hazardous waster and consumes 33% of the world's paper. 5-1995 NRDC
• Produces 21% of CO2 (40,000 pounds per person per year). 1-1992 EDF
• Burns 25% of world's fossil fuels. [Ehrlich article] 4-1991npg
• Has 33% of the world's autos, 50% miles driven. 2-1991 PC
• Uses 25% of world's energy = 1/2 million gallons of oil per minute (5-95 NRDC) = 3 Japanese, 6 Mexicans, 12 Chinese, 33 Indians, 147 Bangladeshis, 422 Ethiopians. 5-1993 PC
• Industrialized (developed) world (24 countries with 23% of world population):
• Consumes 2/3 of all resources, produces 3/4 of all pollutants and wastes 3-1995 PRB
• Consumes 80% of commercial fuel, 85% of commercial timber, 6-1-1992 NW
• Cons. 81% of world paper, 80% of iron and steel, 86% of aluminum, 75% of energy, 61% of meat 12-1995wwi#127
• Consumes 75% of world's metals. Has 85% of world's GNP. 2-1992nrc
• Produces 83% of world's CFCs (ozone depletion) 2-1992nrc
• Produces 90% of the 360m metric tons of hazardous waste produced each year, 70% of CO2 12-1995wwi#127
• From 1973-1988, gas per mile down 29%, number cars up 58%, gas consumption up 17% Winter 1994 NRDC
• Population growth accounted for 40% of the increase since 1960 in carbon dioxide emissions. Winter 1994 NRDC

Memorable Quotes

• Each species is a part of the puzzle of life; as you eliminate the different pieces, the whole ecosystem slowly but surely falls apart. [Heather Urquhart, New England Aquarium] 2-25-1996 BG
• Humanity, in the desperate attempt to fit at least 8b on the planet and give them a higher standard of living, is at risk of pushing the rest of life off the globe. All the other problems, like overheating the globe for a period, vicious little wars, nuclear terrorism -- these may be forgotten in the centuries ahead, but not the depletion of biodiversity. That's the one irreversible thing. [EO Wilson] 1,2-1996nas
• The environment is man's first right. [Ken Saro-Wiwa, Nigeria, 4-1995] 12 95wwi#127
• Picture your community if solutions could catch up with aspirations. We can't grow on like this.
• Do we control growth, or does growth control us?
• Let's take more care of the children we have, not have more children than we can take care of.
• The continuation of continuously rising demand and a shrinking resource base can lead from stability to instability and to collapse almost overnight. [Lester Brown, sow, 1995]
• For women to be economically empowered they need family planning services. [Hannatu Ibrahim, PP, Nigeria]
• If we now ignore the plight of those unborn generations which, because of our unreadiness to take corrective action on controlling population growth, will be denied any expectations beyond abject poverty and suffering, then history will rightly condemn us. [Pres. Dwight Eisenhower] 9 1965
• Let us in all our lands -- including this land -- face forthrightly the multiplying problems of our multiplying populations, and seek answers to this most profound challenge to the future of the world. [Pres. Lyndon Johnson, to the 20th anniversary of the UN,] 6 25 1965
• Our country and state have a special obligation to work toward the stabilization of our own population so as to credibly lead other parts of the world toward population stabilization. [CA Gov. Ronald Reagan] 1974
• Without population stabilization, the losses are more numerous and the wins are mostly temporary.
• Any cause without a population program is like mopping the floor with the water still turned on.
• Population times pollution equals no solution. [singer/songwriter Fred Small in Too Many People] 1993
• Our species is the most numerous large animal that has ever existed. We now move more earth than wind, rain or tides and are changing the chemical composition of the atmosphere, raising the earth's temperature and melting the glaciers and polar ice caps. 10-1995sc
• War is what kept most Red Sea reefs and beaches pristine all these years. These virgin splendors may now be overwhelmed [by tourists]. 1-2-1995 NW
• The future is not so much to be predicted as to be chosen. [Donella Meadows]
• The problem with environmentalists is they never say what they want, only what they don't want.
• There is no meaningful limit to our capacity to keep growing forever. [econ. Julian Simon, 1981] Winter 1994 NRDC
• Anyone who believes in unlimited growth is either a madman or an economist. [Herman Daly]
• 80 percent of everything ever built in America has been built in the last 50 years. [J.H.Kunstler] 9-21-1993 BG
• Human activity since 1950, mostly by industrial world, has damaged Earth more than in all prev history. 5-31-1992 BG
• Pollution, crime, scarcity, and increasing costs are all symptoms of too many people.
• Our economic system depends on depleting the resources and environment on which we depend.
• Energy is the motor of economic growth, but using energy probably causes more environmental harm than any other peaceful human activity. 12-1992 PC
• Nature has provided us with processes which can neutralize or disperse most human and industrial wastes. The cost of these processes is free, but the extent is limited. The greater the increase in human population, the more we must supplement these processes. We are now at the point where the cost of doing this is more than our society or economy can bear. 5 93
• In the last 100 years, except for a few sparsely populated oil rich states, no poor high population growth rate country has developed economically without first stabilizing its growth rate. Fall 1995pci
• No country has ever become rich without 100 years of low population growth The more growth, the more capital goes to provide for survival of new citizens rather than improvement of life. [econ. Lester Thurow, Sloan School, MIT] 7-1991 BG

Immigration Specific

• 1994: Immigration cost taxpayers a net of $51.3b, legal being 66% of that [Dr. Donald Huddle, Rice Univ]. Backlog is now 3.6m people and growing. 11-1995 PEB
• 1993: 1.3m legal and illegal immigrants cost taxpayers $44b over taxes paid [Dr Donald Huddle]. 2-1995 PEB
• 15% of births are to foreign born. Thus, of 2.7m increase in 1994, 1.4m or 52% was due to immigration. 1,2-1996 CCN
• 22.6m residents, 8.7%, are foreign-born (includes legal and illegal). 4.5m, 20%, arrived in last 5 years. 8-29-1995 BG
• 36% of recent immigrants over 25 have not graduated from high school, more than double the 17% for Native Americans. 1,2-1996 CCN
• The number of legal immigrants has increased steadily every year since World War II. [ins] Summer 1995caps
• Since 1993, the Ford Foundation gave $31m to special interest groups pushing mass immigration to US. 9-1995 PEB
• Immigrants nearly twice as likely to receive welfare as native born (6% vs 3.4%). [gao study 2/95] 11-1995 PEB
• 165k "anchor babies" (babies born of illegal aliens) are born in the US each year [cis]. 1-1995fr
• 1/3 of MIT students come from a home where English is not the first language. 1-15-1995 BG
• 4m illegal immigrants live in US, up from 3.4m in 1992. Grows 300k/year (believed low estimate). [ins] 9-1994 CCN
• 9% or 80k inmates in state and federal prisons are aliens. In federal prisons, over 25% are aliens. 5-2-1994 NW
• 1900-1910: 9m immigrated. 1980-90: 10m immigrated. 1964-94: 30m immigrated 5 8-1995nw. 7-30-1995 BG
• Immigrants and their descendants contributed over half of population growth from 1970-90; 24.5 of 48m. 12-1992fr
• Legal immigration brought 9m into US in the 1980s (45% of growth) more than even the 8.8m (40% of growth) in the great wave of 1901-1910. 3-1992 USC
• Fertility rate for foreigh-born women is 43% higher than for native-born women. 5-1994 CCN
• Limiting immigration can help lower fertility rates in sending countries [Ann Brittain, U. Miami] 12-1993 CCN
• In 1886, Statue of Liberty erected, US population was 60m and world population was 1.3b. Both are now over 4 times those numbers. More people immigrate to the US than to all other nations combined. 9-1994
• 300 Chinese immigrants (Golden Ventura boat) will take China 11 minutes to repopulate [prb] 8-1993 CCN
• Most US Hispanics believe that too many immigrants are coming to the US. 12-7-1992 BG
• First half of 1992: 829k aliens recvd work permits while 1.1m workers lost jobs [ins, Bur Lab Stats] 10-1992fr
• Number of citizen children of illegal alien parents on AFDC (welfare) rose from 97,665 to 121,042 in Los Angeles County in Nov. 1992. [wsj, Feb. 25, 1992] 4-1992fr
• 1990 Immigration act: "40% increase in legal immigration, two additional amnesties, and no overall ceiling. Coming on top of the soaring domestic fertility rate, this bill puts stabilization of US. population, which we had hoped to achieve by 2050, probably out of reach in the next century." 11-1990sc
• US State Dept. estimates that for every 10k refugees admitted, initial cost to US taxpayers is $70m. In 1990, 120k refugees initially cost $800m. 5-1991 PEB
• 200,000 people emigrate from US each year 5-1991 PEB
• 2m kids (5% of school population, 25% in Calif.) have limited English. 5-1992fr

State Specific Information

Massachusetts

• Population 7/1/94=6.04m , up 23,000 in 12 months; 1980-90 population up > 5% [USC] 12-29-1994 BG

        Year:   1830    1930    1960    1975    1987    1997
        Pop:    0.6m    4.2m    5.1m    5.7m    5.8m    (comparison with world)
        Year:           1830    1860    1895    195
        Pop:            .6m     1.2m    2.4m    4.8m    (doubling)

• 1/2m or 9.5% are immigrants. 40% entered between 1980 and 1990. 7-30-1995 BG
• 40% of current welfare recipients had their first children as teen-agers. 2-11-1994 BG
• 86% of 7018 mothers under age 20 who gave birth in 1991 were not married. 2-11-1994 BG
• Median metro Boston home price: 1980 $80,000; 1990 $171,300. 3-1-1992 BG
• Condom distribution reduced teen pregnancies by 25%. 4-21-1992 BG
• Boston Survey: 95% of parents favor AIDS/condom information, 71% favor condoms in schools. 6-2-1991 BG
• Teen pregnancies up 11% in 1989 (most current available statistics). 4-21-1992 BG
• Violent crime is up 76% in the last 10 years. 4-1993
• Residents without health insurance up 91% from 1987-93. Up from 368k to 703k; 12% now uninsured. 4-4-1995 BG
• 250k or 17% of Massachusetts children lived in poverty in 1994, up from 13% 5 years ago. 11-23-1995 BG
• Boston has 10% more homeless people than a year ago. 12-28-1994 BG
• Passenger traffic at Logan airport, now US 5th worst for flt. delays, will go from 25 to 45m by 2010. 12-24-1995 BG
• 15 local airports are removing trees on more than 2000 acres. Proposed airport development calls for clearing trees from 650 to 1300 acres of wetlands and filling another 77 acres. 10-8-1995 BG
• Metro Boston Traffic congestion worsened 18% (to #17, LA=#1) between 1982 and 91; 1991 cost: $1.5b. 11-23-1994 BG
• Lost 2760 farms occupying 375,350 acres to development over 30 years (12,511 acres/year). 4-16-1995 BG
• Massachusetts has 425 dairy farms preserving 300k acres of open space; 6885 dairy farms 50 years ago. 12-25-1991 BG
• Yankee Rowe nuclear plant, about to close, stores 220 tons of high-level nuclear waste. 5-17-1993 BG
• Closing 90 unlined landfills costs $125k/acre; hazardous waste cleanup costs $650k/acre. 5-20-1993mmc
• Over 500 confirmed hazardous waste sites added in 1991, an increase of 29% (1814 to 2342) over 1990. Only 2 have been cleaned up. 3-8-1992 BG
• Over 5600 confirmed and suspected hazardous waste sites. [epa] 11-26-1994 BG
• Cod population at Georges Bank is down by 2/3 since the late 1980s; haddock is almost extinct. 8-1995sc
• 7 of the 10 species of inland turtles found in Massachusetts are on the state rare species list. 1-27-1995 BG
• Brockton, MA, even with over 40" of precipitation/year, is considering a $35m desalinization plant because of population growth and water pollution. 12-12-1994 BG
• In 1970, pollution closed 20k acres of shellfish beds, 1980=60k, 1990=120k. Non point sources such as sewage treatment and runoff are now the main river and ocean pollution threat. 2-1994mdep
• 68% of rivers and streams tested in past 2 years have more bacteria and mercury than Massachusetts standards allow.
• In 1982, 52% of the waters flunked. [MassPIRG] "Stopped making progress 8-10 years ago". 11-2-1995 BG
• Bacteria in parts of lower Charles River can be 500 x safe swimming level, cause=human waste. 10-22-1995 BG
• Rivers and streams have seen an 18% increase in pollution since 1989 despite spending $2.5b in taxpayer funds in the past 12 years. The problem is now tough-to-fix non-point sources. 12-29-1994 BG
• 57% of 10k miles fail to meet minimum state and federal standards for fishing and swimming 6-1993elm
• Under 40% of marine waters, rivers, lakes met DEP goals, largely runoff and septic systems. 6-1993mas
• MWRA (43 greater Boston communities) generates over 500m gallons of wastewater per day. 6-8-1993 BG
• The environmental technology industry is $6.5b and 55k jobs. [Center for Env Ind and Tech.] 4-1995
• Massachusetts industries used 1.2 billion pounds of toxic chemicals in 1990 (last year available). Winter 1994elm
• In 2005, 253m gallons of gas will be wasted in traffic jams in Metropolitan Boston.
• Boston has 53 days per year above acceptable ozone levels. 6-1991clf
• 100m pounds of toxic chemicals are dumped by industry into air, water and land each year. 9-1991mmc
• Massachusetts has cataloged 400 imperiled species. 9-1991
• Lexington school population is up by 1000 students, 22%, since 1991. 2-29-1996mmc
• Fastest growing communitites: 1.Haverhill, 2.Franklin, 3.Barnstable 11-18-1995 BG
• Between 1970-1990, year round Cape Cod population doubled to 190k with 36k acres of woodland being developed. Peak summer population jumped from 280k to 500k. 3-27-1994 BG
• Newton's public schools are expected to grow by 300 students per year until century's end. 3-25-1994 BG
• Carlisle's population has grown by almost a third since 1980, to 4368 9-7-1995mmc
• Shrewsbury 1920: 3000 population, now 24146. "Residents feel growing pains as schools become overcrowded and traffic becomes unbearable". Even more growth is planned. 4-2-1994 BG
• Dracut population doubled (to 25.6k) in 18 years. Schools, library, police all being cut. 5-29-1993 BG
• Tyngsboro population has increased by 50% in 14 years. 3-14-1994 BG

California

• FR up 25% (2.42 in 1992) in past 10 years. Must add a classroom per hour, a school per day. 3-1995 CCN
• Now 31m, growing at 2.7% per year (India is 2.1%), Adding 1m people per year, 2000 per day 12-1991 PEB
• CA added 6.1m people from 1980-90, California population has tripled in 40 years. 9-6-1992 BG
• Population expected to reach 48m by 2020, up 52% from 1993; highest growth state. [USC] 7-1994 CCN
• Southern California population has quintupled since 1940 to 17.5m -- a rate of expansion double that of Bangladesh. 2-1995nas
• LA population has gone from 6 to 14m since 1960. 1980-90 growth of 2.3%, 30yr doubling.=Mexico. 9-1994 HMA
• 2/3 of the Los Angeles land area is parking space for cars. 10-1995 CCN
• Los Angeles needs an additional 600mi of highway lanes per year to keep up with added traffic 6 10-1994pbs
• Water tables are dropping by .5 to 3.5 feet per year. 1-1994 CCN
• In Santa Monica Bay, runoff is least controlled pollution source. Over a year 65k, 95k and 2m respective pounds of lead, zinc, and oil are released untreated. Spring 1994 NRDC
• 72% of native freshwater fish are threatened, endangered or extinct. 12 94 CCN
• 1978-1992: Social expenditures up 153%, prison budget up 592% 5 18-1993wsj
• In past 5 years: added 102k prison inmates, up 83% 5-1991 NW
• School spending per student is at an all time low, 41st in the nation; state deficit now up to $11b. California adds a new 600 student school and 1000 cars each day 3-1993 CCN
• In 1990: added 834k, 193k kids grades k-12 5-1991 NW
• As of 1993, students will be turned away from UCal for the first time. Since 1986: welfare recipients to 2.2m, up 25% 5-1991 NW
• Fertility rate = 2.5 babies/woman in 1989 (from 1.7 in 1972) 5-1991fr
• 12% of US. population, 16% AFDC caseloads, 26% AFDC costs. 1-27-1992 NW
• Immigrant households make up 21% of population and receive 33% of state distributed cash benefits. 1-1994fr
• CA has 1.6 million illegal immigrants and over 6m legals. [5-1993 CCN] 12-14-1994usat
• 1 in 5 CA residents is foreign born. 1 in 5 CA students does not speak English. 5-1992fr

Florida

• 1000 people move in per day, population has doubled to 14m since 1970. Has 322,000 illegal immigrants. 12 14-1994
• Adds per day: 2 classrooms and teachers, 2 police, 2 state pris cells, 2mi of highway, need for 111108 gal of freshwater; produces 94,560 added gal of waste water, 3546 additional pounds of solid waste. 9-1994 HMA
• 17% of FL surviving species are as risk. Population up from 2.5m to 14m since 1947, an increase of 450%. 10-1994 PEB
• Keys barrier coral reef may be irreversibly damaged by 2000 [John Ogden, FL Inst. of Oceanography]. 12-29-1991 BG

Other States

• Order by Population: CA; TX, NY 8-1-1995usat
• Doubling rates: CA=30 years, FL=35 years, OR=35, AK=22 years (India=30years) 12-1992 CCN
• Population density: #1 = NJ @1034/square mile; #2 = Rhode Island @941; #3 = MA @753.-6-1-1990 BG
• 1991-94: TX inmates serve only 18%-28% of sentences. Increase by adding 100k beds costing $3b. 11-12-1995 BG
• 414 slayings have taken place in Washington DC this year. 12-30-1994 BG

Worldwide Specific Information

Population Specific Statistics

• Population is 5.7 billion, 1/3 are under 15, 20% are teenagers, population is doubling every 39 years 8-1993pi
• With 57.9million square miles of land area, the Earth has 98 people per sqare mile. 11-26-1995 BG
• Population increasing by: 3 per second, 166 per minute, 10,000 per hour, 1/4 million per day, 1.7m per week, 87 million per year, another Mexico each year, nearly a China each decade. Growth Rate=1.56% 10-1994vs
• One-half of human population makes its home within 60 miles of an ocean. 6-1994 PC
• 1970-1995: average number of children per family down from 6 to 3, but still 139m births per year [agi][. 9-1995pi
• Average developing country family size down from 6.1 in 1962 to 3.9 today. Population growth rates down from 2.5% to 2.0%. However, absolute numbers being added to world population continue to rise. 7-1992un
• 10,000 generations passed before world population reached two billion in 1930. 12-1992pi
• If current trends continue, 1.5b children will be added in 1990s; most ever. 11-1991 PC
• World Population Growth (year and corresponding population, in billions) 5-1991pi [un]:

Year (AD)	Population (billions)
1	0.2
1650	0.545
1830	1
1930	2
1950	2.5
1960	3
1975	4
1987	5
1997	6
2001	6.4
2050	10
2100	14

• Ranking by Population:
1. China has 1.2b people, 22% of world population. Birth rate has been dropping for 5 years, now 18.2 down from 19.7 in previous year. FR of 1.9 (lower than US) [cfpc]. China has 22% of world population and 7% (.09 vs .76 US hectare/person) of world arable land 5-1994 CCN
2. India, 16% of world population at 931m, grew 161m to 844m in the 1980s; will exceed 1b by 2001; 11,12-1995pi India grows 2.4% per year, doubling every 30.5 years.
3. US at 264m, growing at 3m per year, doubling every 57 years
4. Indonesia at 195m
5. Brazil at 159m
6. Russian Federation at 147m
7. Pakistan at 137m
8. Japan at 125m
9. Bangladesh at 118m
10. Nigeria at 108m.(Only>100m 12-1995pci
• 1963-93; countries with over a 50% drop in FR in descending order of drop: Thailand 1993 2.1FR, Columbia 2.7, Dom. Rep. 3.1, Tunisia 3.1, Costa Rica 3.1, Brazil 2.9, Mexico 3.2, Peru 3.4. 8-1995pi
• Vietnam at 70m population, 2nd largest in Asia. Over half born since war end in 1975. Doubles in 31 years. 9-1995pf
• Bangladesh birth rate halved since 1975, growth rate now 2% (still high). Contraceptive use up from 7.7 to 45%. 9-24-1995 BG
• Bangladesh with 55,598 square mile has 114m people and 2.7% growth (Louisiana, same area, 4.2m). 2-1994pi
• Rwanda, most populated nation in Continental Africa (size of MA) grew from 2 to 8m since 1950. 3-1995 CCN
• Somalia at 10m, grows at 3.2%, doubling in 22 years. In 1992 famine, =m died; 2 years to compen. 3-1995 CCN
• Ethiopia, since the great famine of 1994, has added 15m.. 3-1995 CCN
• 1950, the Philippines had 20m, now has 64m. Growth of 2.4% will force 85,100m by 2010,2025 2-1993pi
• Nepal: 19.5m population, 2.6% growth doubling every 27 years, TFR = 6.3 kids/woman. 40% population in absolute poverty, rain forests gone in 20-25 years. 1-12-1992 BG
• Iran grew 41% from 1976-86. Now at 60m and growing at 3.8%, projection is 114-160m by 2025. 10-1993pi
• Much of the 224m person Arab world has growth of 3 to 4 percent, doubling every 25 to 18 years 2-1992pi
• 3b people will enter reproductive years in this generation; 3b people = 1960 world population. Haiti, at 7m and unsustainable now, will double population in 18 years. 10-1995sc
• In 1950 2 megacities (>8m) London, NY. 1994: 22 megacities - 16 in less developed regions. 12-1995pci
• Mexico: pop=90m, = population is under 18, 38% under 15, growth rate 3%. 10-1995 PC
• Mexico City, with 22m people, is the world's most populated city. 40% of inhabitants live in slums. 4-1994 PC
• Mexico adds 1m people to its workforce and 400,000 jobs each year [60 Minutes]. 11-3-1991cbs
• Cairo has run out of space, population up from 2.5m to 9m since 1950. 12 94nas
• Kenya: TFR up from 7.5 to 8.1 over the 60s and 70s even as infant mort. declined and incomes rose. 6-20-1994time
• Africa: fastest growing continent, 650m to 900m by 2000. 5-1991pi

Effects And Observations

General Effects

• More than 60 national constitutions recognize a responsibility to protect the environment. 12-1995wwi#127
• Global contraceptive use is at 50%, was 20% 20 years ago. This halved the growth rate, but huge number of people coming of reproductive age means doubling of world population by 2050. 12-1993pf
• FR in developing nations is at 3.6, was 6.2 40 years ago. [Washington Post] 9 7-1994
• There will be 1.3b fewer people in the world (population of China) by 2025 if all women could determine family size and spacing. [unicef] 1-1992pi
• Population stabilization could be attained if contraceptive use increased from 40 to 75% of couples. [unfpa] 3-1992sc
• If consumption grows at 2/3 the rate of the past 25 years, in 2100 the world's 13b people will be producing 20 times as much as today. 6-1-1992 NW
• In 1960, 9% of couples in developing countries used family planning; now over 50% do 7-1992un
• Difference between good and no family planning programs over 100 years is 4b people. 5-1991pi
• If for 100 years all could make their choice of family size, it would reduce population by 2b. 5-1991pi
• Births would decline by 27/33/35% in Africa/Asia/Latin America if women who wanted contraceptives could get them. Modern family planning methods were responsible for averting 200m births in China from 1970-86. [cfpc]. 4-1991pi
• 50% of all solar energy captured by photosynthesis is being used by humans. 3-1994 CCN

Human Health

• 88 nations are low income, food-deficit -- therefore unable to grow or buy enough for inhabitants [un] 11,12-1995pi
• 1/3 of all children are undernourished. Over half of population cannot get most essential drugs. [who] 5-2-1995 BG
• 1 billion suffer from malnutrition. 14 million children children under 5 die each year as a result. 10-1995 PC
• 17m people die per year of preventable diseases (12m are children under 12). 10-1995sc
• Half of world population lacks regular access to treatment of common diseases and essential drugs. 8-1995pci
• 2 million children have been killed and 4 million more disabled in wars over the last 10 years. 12-29-1994 BG
• Tuberculosis will kill 30m in decade (US and world problem; drug resistance and overpopulation). [who] 9-1994 HMA
• 20-30m hectares or 8-12% of irrigated areas suffer from serious salinization. Adding 1-1.5m/year 10-1994vs
• 1984-93: world grain production per person fell by 11%. 1995nwf
• Per capita grain (wheat, corn, rice) production peaked in 1984 at 346kg. Was 303kg in 1993. 10-1994vs
• 1993 world grain harvest, 1682 million tons, down 86m tons, almost 5%, from 1992. 10-1994vs
• Per capita seafood catch fell 9% from 1989-93. Grain production is down 1% per year since 1984. [wwi] 1-16-1994 BG
• 300k Latinos farm laborers yearly suffer from pesticide related illnesses. Spring 1994 NRDC
• Diseases from polluted water kill 12 million children per year. 4-19-1994 BG
• 13-18m people die yearly from hunger and poverty-related causes. This is equivalent to 100 747's going down per day. 11-1993 PC
• Africa's population is up by 34% in last decade; food production is down by 4%. 8-1995pf
• Africa's grain production doubled over the last 40 years, but per capita fell from 162 to 118 kg per year. 3-1995 CCN
• In Africa, population growth has outstripped food production increases by 20% over the last 2 decades. [unicef] 12-1991 PC
• The first child of a teenage mother is 80% more likely to die than the 2nd or 3rd child of a woman aged 20-24. 6-1992un
• UNICEF 1993 State of Children report: Slowing population growth rate paramount: Education of girls and women, Accessible family planning services, Reduction of child mortality. 2-1993pi
• Countries with high population growth rates have high levels of human suffering, and vice-versa. [pcc] 7-1992nas
• A family with 2 unplanned births is nearly 3 times more likely to abuse children as a family with no unplanned births. [agi] 12-1991 PC
• 20% of world population breathes air polluted beyond WHO standards. 4-1992 PC
• In Latin America, 24,000 death/year via air pollution exposure. 7-1991pi

Monetary Costs

• 75% of the costs of family planning programs are borne by developing country governments. 1-1996pf
• UNICPD/Cairo: 0.28% of GNP for donor nations. US commitment is $1.75b of $5.7b annually. 11-1994sc
• Called for spending of $17b, up from 6b, for population programs by 2000. 2" per American per day. 10-1994Emag
• US ranks 20th of 21 industrial nations (ahead of Ireland) in development assistance as percent of GNP, even with $200m Clinton Increase. $10b needed by 2000 for universal access to contraception.-7/10/94 BG
• Developing countries owe $1.7t in debt and pay 50% more in payments than they receive. 8-1994FotE
• 57% of Americans support increased funding for international family planning. 4-1993sc
• $1 spent on family planning saves $16 in health end education costs in Thailand, $12 in Indonesia. 11,12-1995 PC
• The bulk of resources for UNFPA population programs come from the developing countries themselves 7-1992un
• The cost of contraception for 100m couples is $1b, about the cost of a 6-pack for every American. 4-1991pi
• Industrial world spends less on developing world family planning than US spends on Halloween costumes.
• Each peso spent in Mexico for family planning from 1972-84 saved nine pesos just in maternal and infant health care. 1991sow

Social Costs

• Over 1b people live in extreme poverty, 800m go hungry, 240m mainurished [prb] 10-1995sc
• eMexico and Central America, with unemp up to 50%, will have a tripling of the labor force in 50 years. 10-1995 PC
• 30% or 800m of the world's labor force are unemployed, another 700m are underemployed. 8-1995 PC
• Of 5.7b, 2.8b are in global workforce including 120m unemployed and 680m are underemployed. 4-1995pi
• The top 20% of wage earners receive 83% of income, bottom 20% receive 1.5% of world income. 4-1995pi
• Per capita income is $500 in less developed countries, compared with $20,000 in industrialized world. 4-1995pi
• 1980s: countries with slower population growth saw net income rise 2.5%/year faster than others 7-1992un
• 1980s: Average income down in over 40 3rd world countries with combined population over 800m. [wb] 1-12-1992 BG
• Over 10m people are displaced each year by road and dam construction schemes. 12-1995wwi#127
• In 1990, 43% of population lived in urban areas (an incr. of 34% from 1960). Will likely be 50% in 2010. 11,12-1995pi
• 351 cities over 1m population, 2/3 of world population live within 80km of coastlines 4-1993sc
• Over 60% of urban growth is due to population increase (less than 40% is due to migration) 2-1992 PC
• Lima, Peru population 1940-91: 600k to 7m, half live in shanty towns, inflation rate=7500%. 7-1991 PC
• 1950: 600m live in cities, only Mexico City over 5m people 7-1991pi
• 1970: 11 cities have over 5m people
• 1990: 2.7b live in cities (Mexico City 22m; Oxygen booths are needed on the streets). 7-1991pi
• 2000: 1/2 of developing world, 2/4 of industrialized world will live in cities. 6-1992un
• Estimated for the year 2000:
• 21 "megacities" of over 10 million people, 17of them in developing countries 3-1995 PRB
• 35 cities in developing world over 5m (only Shanghai in 1950) 3-1995 PRB
• Additional timberland equivalent to 40 California's gone
• Need 800m new jobs, Need 124m new jobs in Latin America = number of jobs in US today
• Acute shortages of fuel affecting 350m people 4-1991pi

Women: Pregnancies and Teen Pregnancies

• Number of rural women living in poverty in developing nations up 50% since 1974 to 565m [Phil. Inq.] 9 10-1994
• Women perform 66% of the world's work, yet have only 10% of its income and 1% of its property. 6-1993pi
• 2/3 of 960m illiterate adults are women. 70% of 130m children not in primary school are girls. 3-1995 PRB
• In many countries, women with a secondary education have half the children as those with no ed. 5-1995 PRB
• Women with 7 years of education have half the pregnancies and average 2.2 fewer children. 12-1993pi
• Thailand: women's lit rate up to 90% in 30 years, now rep 45% of work force, FR down to 2.1 from 6. 9-1994 NW
• Kenya: Mothers with no education lose 109 children under 5 for every 1000 born.
• Mothers with primary schooling lose 72; Mothers with secondary education lose 64. 4-1991pi
• Ethiopia: 81% of women are illiterate; there are 17,000 pregnancy and childbirth related death each year, 54% are caused by abortion complications. 8-1995pf
• Filling the unmet need for family planning among married women alone would reduce maternal deaths by 17% in Africa, 33% in Latin America, and 35% in Asia. 1995nwf
• Africa 77% of women who wanted no more children use contraception, Latin America 43%, Asia 57%. 1995nwf
• If all women had the contraceptives they wanted, it would reduce maternal mortality by 17 to 35%. 3-1995 PRB
• 120m more would use family planning with access to safe, effective, affordable contraceptives [un] 9-1995 PC
• 1.3m women die from reproduction related causes each year, most in countries with very restrictive family planning and abortion policies. 11,12-1995 PC
• Unwanted pregnancies result in 50-60m abortions/year, = illegal resulting in 150k deaths/year [who]. 3-1995 PRB
• Daily: = of 910k conceptions unplanned, 1/3 of 150k abortions are unsafe resulting in 500 deaths. 10-1992pi
• In the former USSR:
• 3m abortions per year, over 2x the birth rate. (contraceptives poor and not readily available). 10-25-1995 BG
• Average woman has 6 to 8 abortions, 83% of sexually active people use no contraception (contraceptives poor and not readily available). 5-1991pi
• 40% of all today's 14 year old girls will be pregnant by age 20. 1-1992pi
• 15m teenagers become pregnant each year. 6-1991pi

Environmental Quality

General Quality

• 1995 was the warmest year on record, with an average temperature of 58.72f, 2nd was 1990 lower by .07f, 3rd was 1994. The 10 warmest years on record (kept since 1856) have been since 1980. Spring 1996 NRDC
• 50 tons of garbage and 100 human corpses can be found on and around Mt. Everest trails. 2-1994 PEB
• In developing countries from 1961-1985: population growth caused 72% of the increase in farmland, 69% of the increase in livestock. Winter 1994 NRDC
• Over 1 million tons of hazardous waste are generated each day. 2-1993 PC
• 3 of 4 toxic waste dumps are in Africa or Latin America. Spring 1994 NRDC
• India's nuclear power industry had 147 accidents last year. 5-18-1993 BG
• From 1970 to 90:
• More people joined Earth (1.6b) than existed in 1900.
• Lost tree cover for an area the size of US East of the Mississippi.
• Deserts claimed more land than is devoted to crops in China.
• Farmers lost as much topsoil (480b tons) as covers India croplands. 1991sow

Land

• 1/3 of world's arable land has been lost in the past 40 years, largely because farming and other human activities have dramatically accelerated soil erosion. 8-1995 PC
• Erosion removes 75b tons of topsoil and destroys 20m acres of farmland per year. erosion. 8-1995 PC
• Agricultural land mass the size of Ireland is lost each year to environmental degradation 10-1994vs
• World uses 2.5 times the wood (3.5b cu meters) as in 1950. Growing 1.5%/year. 10-1994vs
• 600k square miles of forest have been cut and 26b tons of topsoil have been lost in the last 10 years. 11,12-1995pi
• Losing 1.5 acres of Amazon rain forest per second = 45m per year (equivalent to Pennsylvania). In developing countries, population growth is responsible for 79%/72%/69% of deforestation/arable land expansion/growth in livestock numbers. 6-1992un
• Since 1950, grain land area up 25%, fertilizer use up 1000% (14-140 mtons). Harvest/person down 50%. Fertilizer/person up 500%. Winter 1994 NRDC
• 25b tons of topsoil wash away every year. 4-1991pi

Water

• 70% of the world's fisheries are commercially depleted [un] 8-1995sc
• The fish catch has fallen in 13 of the world's 15 major ocean fishing regions, in 4 by over 30%. 1-1995 EDF
• World fish catch has peaked, and is now declining by 1m tons per year. 4-17-1994 BG
• World seafood catch up fivefold since 1945 to 86.4m metric tons in 1989, the record high. 4-17-1994 BG
• 4 of the world's 17 major fisheries are commercially depleted, 9 more are in serious decline. [un] 4-17-1994 BG
• 20b tons of human waste are added to oceans annually. All ocean water now tests positive. 4-1992 PC
• People have damaged or destroyed significant amounts of reef off the coasts of 93 countries. 10-1994vs

Air

• Estimate Forecast: average temperature up 3.6 f (range 1.8-6.3), sea level up 20 (6-37) by 2100. [NY Times] 12 1-1995un
• 250 tons of carbon dioxide pour into the atmosphere per second. 9-1995pci
• Even if all industrial nations cut CO2 emissions 65% in 30 years, growing population would create 300% increase. 7-1991sc

Diversity

• An estimated 4000 species are lost per year in the tropics. 1-1995 EDF
• 6600 or 70% of 9600 bird species are in decline, including 1000 in imminent danger of extinction. 10-1994vs
• 15% of all living organisms could disappear in the next 30 years [12-1994zpg], 1/3 in 40 years. 10-1995sc
• 10-20k species of plants and animals (of 30m) lost each year, mostly due to human development [E.O.Wilson]. Fall 1994 PC
• 5 of the 8 bear species are in danger of becoming extinct (World Society for the Protection of Animals] 9-1994
• Number of African black rhinos down to less than 2000 from 65,000 in 1970. 2-1994wwf
• By 2025, as population goes to 7.1b, 75% of world's tropical forests will be harvested. [Washington Post 10-2-1993] 12-1993fr
• Biologists estimate that only 10% of species have been named. 12-1991 PC

World Refugees

1960            1965    1970    1976    1980    1985    1990    1993
1.4m            ?m      2.5m    2.8m    8.2m    11.6m   17.2m   19.0m
                                        10-1994vs

• 25m "Environmental Refugees", (fleeing barren land, drought, etc). Fastest growing cause. 8-1995pci
• 4m people fled their homes in 1994, bringing refugee population to all-time high of 23m [wwi] 6-11-1995 BG
• There are now 34 conflicts in the world, twice as many as in the 60s. 2m children have died in civil strife in the last 10 years. 6-11-1995BG

Reference Information

Source Key

Glossary

Birth Rate (BR)         Number of births per year per 1000 people
Death Rate (DR)         Number of deaths per year per 1000 people
Fertility Rate (FR)     Average number of births per woman
Growth Rate (GR)        Percentage added to population per year
Natural Increase        Number of births - number of deaths
Net Increase            Number of (births + immigrations - deaths - emigrations)


Symbols:                k=thousand, m=million, b=billion, t=trillion;
                        <=less than, >=greater than

Updated regularly; send large SASE with 2 stamps.

Updates and comments appreciated.

Copyright 1996
Michael G. Hanauer
Six April Lane #11
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781/862-5927