Physiology Final review

All + All -

+ - GI Tract
- + - Nerve Plexus
  - + - Meisner's Plexus
    - Submucosal Plexus: Secretion/Absorption/Flow of blood
  - + - Auebach's Plexus
    - Myenteric Plexus: Motility/Outer layer of muscles
- + - 4 Major Hormones
  - + - Gastrin
    - More Acid
  - + - CCK
    - Cholecystokinine - more bile
  - + - Secritin
    - More bicarb
  - + - GIP
    - Gastric Inhibitory Peptide - More Insulin
- + - Digestive Enzymes
  - + - Mouth/Saliva
    - + - Amalyase
      - Carbohydrates
    - + - Lipase
      - Some lipid breakdown - minor
  - + - Stomach
    - + - Pepsin
      - Breaksdown protein molecules
    - + - Intrinsic Factor
      - Intrinsic factor that attaches to B12 vitamin and protects it.
  - + - Small Intestine
    - + - Lipase
      - Fats/Lipids
    - + - Peptidase
      - Peptidases break the final peptide bonds into AA.
    - + - Amylase
      - Breaksdown Carbohydrates
    - + - Enterokinase
      - activates trypsinogen
    - + - Disasachridase
      - Lactase
        Glucose and Galactose
      - Sucrase
        Glucose and Fructose (Table Sugar)
      - Maltase
        Glucose and Glucose
  - + - Pancreas
    - + - Amalyase
      - Carbohydrates
    - + - Trypsin
      - Peptide Bonds
    - + - Chymotrypsin
      - Peptide Bonds
    - + - Carboxypeptidase
      - Peptide Bonds
    - + - Lipase
      - Breaks down lipids
    - + - Ribonuclease
      - RNA
    - + - Deoxyribobnuclease
      - DNA
  - + - Liver/Gall Bladder
    - + - Bile
      - Emulsifies Lipids
+ - Endocrine
- + - Pituitary
  - + - Anterior Pituitary
    - + - Growth Hormone
      - Makes things grow
      - Somaotrophe
    - + - Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
      - Stimulates thyroid & increase metabolic rate
      - Thyrotrophs
    - + - Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone
      - Reacts with the cortex of the adrenal gland to secrete adrenal hormones (cortisol)
      - Corticotrophes
    - + - Follicle Stimulating Hormone
      - Stimulate the production of eggs/sperm
      - Gonadotrophes
    - + - Leutinizing Hormone
      - Stimulates ovulation/production of testosterone
      - Gonadotrophes
    - + - Prolactin
      - Lactogenic Hormone - stimulates the the development of glandualr tissue during pregnancy and the production of milk after birth
        Mammotrophes
  - + - Posterior Pituitary
    - + - Oxytocin
      - stimulates the contradction of the smooth muscles of the uterus in birth, also stimulates the breasts to eject milk.
    - + - Antidiuretic hormone
      - promotes the retention of fluids by kidney/ raises blood pressure.
- + - Pineal
  - + - Melatonin
    - the control of the circadian rhythm
- + - Thyroid
  - + - Thyroxine (T4)
    - Most abundant hormoone to speed up metab olism. Less active than T4. This is converted to T3.
  - + - Triioodothyronine (T3)
    - Produced in smaller quantities than T4. More active. Speeds up metabolism.
  - + - Thyrocalcitonin
    - Calcitonin - Lowers the levels of calcium in the blood by moving it into the bones.
- + - Parathyroid Gland
  - + - Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
    - Increases blood calcium levels.
- + - Adrenal Glands
  - + - Cortex
    - + - Aldosterone (Mineralocorticoids)
      - Decreases urine output/increases blood pressure
    - + - Cortisol (Glucocorticoids)
      - Raise glucose by decreasing glucose metabolism
  - + - Medulla
    - Epinepherine
    - Norepinepheron
- + - Pancreas
  - + - Alpha Cells
    - + - Glucagon
      - 20% of cells - Increases blood sugar leves by converting glycogen into glucose
  - + - Beta Cells
    - + - Insulin
      - 70% of cells - lowers blood sugar level
  - + - Delta Cells
    - + - Somatostanin
      - lowers insulin production/increases glucagon production
- + - Gonads
  - + - Male
    - Testosterone
  - + - Female
    - Estrogen
+ - Lymphatic
- + - T and B lymphocytes
  - + - T- Cells
    - Mature in the Thymus Gland
    - 70% of Lymphcytes
    - Involved with Cell Mediated specific immunity
    - Take the fight directly
    - Found deeper in the lymph nodes
  - + - B-Cells
    - Mature in Bone marrow (bird cells)
    - 30% of Lymphocytes
    - Involved with Humoral Immunity
    - Produce antibodies
    - Found in the superficial portion of the cortex of the lymph node
- + - Other Important WBC in Specific Immunity
  - + - Neutrophils
    - They macrophage any foreign material and then digest, separate the specific antigenic material and present it to a lymphocyte.
- + - Antigen vs Antibody
  - + - Antigen
    - A substance recognized as foriegn to the body that causes a reaction by the body to that one specific antigen.
  - + - Antibody
    - A substance produced by the body (B-Cells) that will attack and destroy that one particcular antigen (and no other)
- + - Cell Mediated vs Humoral Immunity
  - + - Cell Mediated
    - T-Cells
    - T-Cells, once activated take the fight directly to the antigen
  - + - Humoral Mediated
    - B-Cells
    - B-Cells turn into plasma cells and produce antibodies to combat the antigen
- + - CD4 vs CD8 Lymphocytes
  - + - CD4 cells
    - These are the T-Helper cells
    - 70% of T-Cells
  - + - CD8 cells
    - Supressor and Toxic - T cells
    - 30% of T-Cells
- + - 5 immunoglobulins
  - + - IgG
    - 75%
    - Monomere
    - Found in blood and lymph
    - Major antibody produced on 2nd exposure.
    - Trigger compliment system (Function of handle)
  - + - IgA
    - 15%
    - Dimere (2 units)
    - Found in body fluids (tears, urine, mucous, etc)
    - Provides localized protection on areas of mucous membrane.
    - Present in mother's milkd - a second form of passive immunity given to an infant.
  - + - IgM
    - 10%
    - Pentamere (5 units - it's big)
    - found?
    - First Antibody to be secreted by a plasma cell after initial exposure.
    - Agglutination and lysis of bacteria (bacteria vs virus - bacteria more likely to reproduce quickly)
  - + - IgE
    - Less than 0.1%
    - Found on surfaces of Mast cells/basophiles and involved with allergic reactions
  - + - IgD
    - Less than 1%
    - Least Understood
    - Believed to be involved with the activation of B lymphocytes
+ - Urinary
- + - Tubular reabsorption vs secretion
  - + - Reabsorption
    - Stuff moving from the tubules to the capillaries
  - + - Secretion
    - Stuff moving from the capillaries back to the tubules
- + - Kidney Autoregulation
  - + - Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
    - + - Macula Densa Cells
      - Cells in the loop of Henle where it meets the afferent arterioles that monitor the chloride levels in the blood
    - + - Juxtaglomerula cells
      - cells in the afferent arterioles that can produce an enzyme called renin that can influence blood pressure.
    - + - renin
      - Enzyme that is produced by the juxtaglomerula cells in response to low blood pressure or decreased sodium levels.
    - + - Angiotensin
      - Already found in blood stream. Is activated by renin.
      - Increases sodium retention in kidneys
      - Causes Adrenal cortex to increase aldosterone production
    - + - Aldosterone
      - Causes kidneys to increase fluid retention
    - + - Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Mechanism
      - Renin interacts with angiotensin converting it to angiotensin II. This in turn cuses the kidneys to increase Sodium (NA) reabsorption (increase blood volume) Also works on the adrenal cortex to increase aldosterone production which also increase blood volume and thus pressure.
- + - Hormones in Kidney blood pressure regulation
  - + - Aldosterone
    - Causes sodium to be reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries. This will cause water to follow which decreases urine, increase blood volume and pressure.
  - + - Antidiuretic Hormone
    - Secreted by the posterior pituitary gland
      Causes the distal convoluted tubules to be come more permeable to water. This will cause more water to be reabsorbed and decrease urine output, increasing blood volume and thus blood pressure.
  - + - Atrial Natriuric Hormone
    - Produced in the heart in response to streched atrial walls (caused by increased blood pressure/volume
      Increases urine output/decreases blood volume and thus blood pressure